CHOMPTT (CubeSat Handling of Multisystem Precision Time Transfer)
Non-EO
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Mission type | Non-EO |
Launch date | 16 Dec 2018 |
CHOMPTT (CubeSat Handling of Multisystem Precision Time Transfer)
OPTI Spacecraft Ground Segment Launch Mission Status References
CHOMPTT is a demonstration of precision ground-to-space time-transfer using a laser link to an orbiting CubeSat. The University of Florida-led mission is a collaboration with the NASA Ames Research Center. The 1U optical time-transfer payload was designed and built by the Precision Space Systems Lab at the University of Florida. The payload was integrated with a NASA Ames NODeS (Network & Operation Demonstration Satellite) -derived spacecraft bus to form a 3U spacecraft. The CHOMPTT satellite was successfully launched into low Earth orbit on 16 December 2018 on NASA's ELaNa XIX mission using the Rocket Lab USA Electron vehicle. 1)
Background
Ground-to-space clock synchronization with accuracies below the nanosecond level is important for navigation systems, communications, networking, remote sensing using distributed spacecraft, and tests of fundamental physics. The Global Positioning System is the most widely used tool for synchronizing spatially separated clocks. State-of-the art GPS time transfer is currently accurate to a few nanoseconds. 2)
Several precision time transfer experiments between ground and space, beyond GPS, have been carried out recently and are planned in the near future. OCA (Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur) and CNES (Centre National d'Études Spatiales), France, launched T2L2 (Time-Transfer by Laser Link) in 2008 on the Jason-2 satellite2. Like CHOMPTT, the T2L2 experiment was based on the techniques of satellite laser ranging. It consisted of synchronizing ground and space clocks using short laser pulses travelling between the ground clocks and the satellite instrument. The measured T2L2 time transfer precision was ~50 ps. One-way laser ranging to the LRO (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter), commissioned in 2009, has been conducted successfully from NASA's NGSLR (Next Generation Satellite Laser Ranging System) at GGAO (Goddard Geophysical and Astronomical Observatory) in Greenbelt, Maryland. 3) A one-way ranging technique was used, where the Earth laser station measured the transmit times of its outgoing laser pulses and the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA), one of the instruments onboard LRO, measured the receive times. The time transfer precision was limited to 100 ns by the NGSLR.
In the near future, the ACES (Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space) mission, sponsored by the European Space Agency, will fly aboard the ISS (International Space Station). 4) ACES is a fundamental physics experiment that will use a new generation of atomic clocks operating in the microgravity environment of space, which will be compared to a network of ultra-stable clocks on the ground. The ACES clock time will be transferred between space and ground by microwave and optical links.
The CHOMPTT mission incorporates the novel compact, low-power OPTI (Optical Precision Time-transfer Instrument), developed by the Precision Space Systems Laboratory (PSSL) at the University of Florida (UF), and a 3U CubeSat bus developed by the NASA Ames Research Center (ARC). The bus is derived from the NASA ARC's Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks (EDSN) CubeSat, which was also used for the Network & Operation Demonstration Satellite (NODeS) mission. 5) In the 2018 paper, we describe in detail the instrument and mission design, as well as the results of ground testing of the flight payload. 6) In this paper, we present some of the initial results of the CubeSat mission.
Mission Concept and Goals
The CHOMPTT mission employs an optical time-transfer scheme, which can be significantly more accurate than that for radio frequencies, due to lower propagation uncertainties through the Earth's ionosphere. A second advantage of optical frequencies is the high degree of beam collimation that enables a compact receiver for the space segment of the mission. A single photodetector with an aperture diameter less than 1 mm can be used to receive the optical signal transmitted from the ground, and a cm-scale retroreflector array can be used to return the signal back to the ground segment.
The mission's primary goal is to demonstrate an instantaneous ground-to-space time transfer with a precision of 200 ps, corresponding to a position error of 6 cm, which is sufficient for most navigation applications. A secondary goal of the mission include demonstrating the on-orbit performance of the two chip-scale atomic clocks (CSAC) incorporated into OPTI. Compared to previous experiments, this mission will demonstrate near state-of-the-art optical time transfer performance, but will do so on a power-limited and low cost nanosatellite platform. The 1U OPTI payload uses a time-transfer concept similar to that of the T2L2 mission. However, unlike the T2L2 mission, which was a secondary payload on board the Jason-2 satellite, OPTI will be incorporated into a dedicated CubeSat bus whose attitude control is dictated by the requirements of OPTI. CHOMPTT is the first CubeSat mission dedicated to precision optical time transfer and the first to successfully operate CSACs in space on a CubeSat platform.
The 3U CHOMPTT CubeSat was successfully launched into low Earth orbit on 16 December 2018 on NASA's ELaNa XIX mission using the Rocket Lab USA Electron vehicle. The orbit is a 500 km altitude circular Earth orbit with an inclination of 85º.
The two optical ground segments for the mission utilize a satellite tracking telescope, a pulsed 1064 nm laser system, an atomic clock and precision timing equipment. The primary facility is located at the TISTEF (Townes Institute Science and Technology Experimentation Facility), operated by the University of Central Florida, CREOL College of Optics and Photonics. The TISTEF is physically located at the Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, FL. The secondary optical ground segment is operated by EOS Space Systems and located on Mount Stromlo, Australia. The continental separation of these two facilities increases opportunities for time-transfer activities as discussed below. A UHF/VHF ground station located on the UF campus is used to send commands and receive telemetry from the CHOMPTT CubeSat. The mission duration is envisioned to span at least nine months.
The Optical Precision Time-transfer Instrument concept of operations is shown in Figure 1. The time-transfer scheme is similar to that of the T2L2 mission. A satellite laser ranging facility on the ground will transmit short (~2 ns-long) laser pulses to the CHOMPTT CubeSat. These pulses are timed with respect to the atomic clock on the ground and are detected by an avalanche photodetector mounted on the nadir face of OPTI. An event timer records the arrival time with respect to the on-board clock with a typical precision of less than 100 ps. At the same time, a retroreflector array returns the transmitted pulse back to the ground. By comparing the transmitted and received times on the ground and the arrival time of the pulse at the satellite, the time difference between the ground and space clocks can be measured. During a single SLR contact with the satellite, roughly 1,000 such measurements will be performed over a ~100 s interval to estimate the time transfer precision over time scales <100 s.
The equation shown in Figure 1, describes how the three observables are used to compute the ground/space clock discrepancy, χ. A light pulse is transmitted from the ground at time t0ground (referenced to the ground clock) and is received at the satellite at time t1space (referenced to the space clock). The time that the returned pulse is received back at the ground is t2ground. The clock discrepancy is then the difference between the measured arrival time of the pulse at the satellite and the expected arrival time based on time measurements made on the ground. The expected time is the average of the emitted and received times on the ground plus a correction, Δt. The correction, Δt, accounts for the systematic time offset that is the sum of contributions from (a) asymmetry in the atmospheric delay between the uplink and downlink paths of the laser pulse, (b) the geometrical offset between the reflection and detection equivalent locations on OPTI, and (c) general and special relativity. The relativistic time offset is the only contribution that is significant and must be accounted for, while the atmospheric and geometric effects are negligible compared with the mission's 200 ps precision goal (Ref.6) . Estimates of the satellite's ephemeris based on on-board GPS data are used to compute both the relativistic rate difference between the ground and space clocks and the relativistic contribution to Δt.
In the baseline mission concept, shown in Figure 1, the measured arrival time of the optical pulse at the CubeSat is transmitted to the University of Florida ground station using the amateur radio frequency band. By combining these data with the timing measurements obtained at the SLR facility and the orbit determination information, the clock discrepancy, χ, can be calculated.
OPTI (Optical Precision Time-transfer Instrument)
The CHOMPTT spacecraft comprises the space instrument, OPTI, and its host CubeSat bus. The Optical Precision Time-transfer Instrument is a 1U, 1 kg device that incorporates all components of the space segment needed to perform ground-to-space optical time-transfer. All of the critical time-transfer elements are doubly redundant. These include two small atomic clocks, two picosecond event timers and microprocessor-based clock counters, and two nadir-facing avalanche photodetectors.
The design OPTI is shown in Figure 2. The electronics elements comprise two main instrument channels (A and B), a Supervisor, and an optical beacon. The two instrument channels are identical providing redundancy. Each contains one chip scale atomic clock (CSAC), one event timer, one avalanche photodetector, one microcontroller, and the ancillary electronics needed to support each of these components.
Each of the two main instrument channels house their own identical SA.45s chip scale atomic clocks, manufactured by Microsemi Frequency and Time Corporation. The primary output of the CSAC is a 10 MHz square wave. This signal is distributed to the event timer, channel board microprocessor, and the Supervisor using clock distribution electronics. The CSAC also provides temperature and other health and safety information to the Supervisor. The short-term frequency stability (Allan deviation) of the CSAC is one limiting factor in the overall time-transfer precision. The specified short-term (τ = 1 s averaging time) Allan deviation for the CSAC is 3 x 10–10, corresponding to a time error of 300 ps over 1 s. The measured short-term frequency stability of the CHOMPTT CSACs in a laboratory environment prior to launch was three times lower than the specification, equivalent to 100 ps at τ = 1 s.
The event timer on each Channel is the precision electronics component the measures the arrival time of the optical pulses with respect to the on-board atomic clocks. The main even timer component is the TDC-GPX time-to-digital converter manufactured by Acam-Messelectronic GmbH. 7) It has a specified single shot precision of 10 ps, which was measured in the Precision Space Systems Lab to 12 ps (one standard deviation), and a maximum range of 7 µs. Due to the limited range of the TDC-GPX, a separate Texas Instruments MSP-430 microcontroller is incorporated on each instrument channel to count clock cycles over the entire lifetime of the mission. The clock counts recorded by the MSP-430 and the time stamps measured by the TDC-GPX event timer are combined digitally in software.
Each instrument channel is also equipped with one avalanche photodetector (APD) for recording the received light pulses. The APD are 200 μm active area diameter InGaAs photodiodes manufactured by Laser Components USA, Inc. A high voltage circuit on each channel is tuned to its specific APD to provide a reverse bias voltage that is less than but within 5 volts of the APD's breakdown voltage, which is typically in the range of 50-70 V. The temperature of the APDs are actively controlled during time-transfer events to improve their stability. The APDs are mounted on the edge of the channel electronics board and they protrude through a small hole in the nadir face of the OPTI structure. A bandpass optical filter mounted in front of the APD on the nadir face of OPTI prevents stray light from inadvertently triggering timing events.
The Supervisor acts at the payload controller, and it is the single electrical interface to the spacecraft bus. It uses a Texas Instruments MSP-430 microcontroller to route commands to each of the two channels and retrieve data from each channel, which is stored in flash memory on the Supervisor electronics board, until it is requested by the spacecraft bus. The Supervisor MSP-430 also controls the electronics that drive an optical beacon that aides in the tracking of the CubeSat by the SLR facility. The beacon electronics drive four 0.5 W VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser) diode arrays. These arrays emit uncollimated 808 nm light with a collective divergence angle of ~14 º (half-angle).
A single retroreflector array is mounted on the nadir face of OPTI. The space-capable array, which was custom designed by PLX, Inc. and consists of six, 1 cm effective diameter hollow retroreflectors integrated into a single package.
The Supervisor, Channels A and B, the retroreflector array, and the optical beacon are mechanically integrated by a custom structure that provides structural integrity during launch, thermal capacity and conductivity, and electromagnetic shielding for the Channel A and Channel B electronics boards. The OPTI structure is constructed from aluminum and is designed to be modular for ease of testing and integration. The OPTI structure is integrated inside a standard Pumpkin, Inc. 3U chassis and is mounted to the chassis by side fasteners. A Pumpkin, Inc. Large-aperture Cover Plate, also shown in Figure 1, mounted on the nadir face of OPTI, accommodates the payload's optical components and serves as the structural end plate of the spacecraft.
In 2014 we reported on the end-to-end time transfer performance of a breadboard version of OPTI,8) and in 2016 we reported on the measured performance of the OPTI Engineering Unit (Ref. 6). In Figure 3 we show the measured performance of the OPTI Flight Model in terms of Allan deviation, σy. On short time scales (τ = 1 second) where the limitation is the time-transfer precision, the measured Allan deviation was 75 x 10–12. This corresponds to a time error of Δt = σy x τ = 75 ps. Over longer time scales the performance is limited by the CSAC, and over the period of one orbit (τ = 6,000s) the time error was <20 ns. These measurements show that the performance of the flight hardware is capable of achieving the 200 ps time-transfer performance goal for the mission.
Spacecraft
The CHOMPTT satellite is a single 3U CubeSat with a total mass of 3.7 kg. An exploded view of the satellite, showing both the OPTI payload and the CubeSat bus is provided in Figure 4.
The Command and Data Handling Subsystem uses a Nexus S smartphone as the main processor. It autonomously schedules GPS acquisitions and uplink/downlink operations by propagating its own orbit and predicting when the spacecraft will be over the specified CHOMPTT RF ground stations. Additional distributed Arduino-based processors run other activity tasks such as interfacing with the payload, polling sensor data, and interfacing with the GPS.
The ADCS (Attitude Determination and Control Subsystem) consists of three orthogonal brushless motor reaction wheels and torque coils embedded in the solar panel PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards). Attitude determination uses a magnetometer sensor and inertial measurement unit (IMU) combined with coarse sun sensors also embedded in the solar panels. The ADCS has two distinct modes of operation. The first is magnetic control, which is used to de-tumble the spacecraft and align it with the local magnetic field for GPS acquisition and downlink activities. The second is 3-axis control, which uses the reaction wheels and attitude determination to point the nadir face of the CubeSat toward the SLR facility to enable time-transfer operations. The pre-launch estimate of the pointing accuracy in this mode was ±5º. A Novatel OEMV-1 GPS receiver is used to get position, velocity, and time fixes approximately once every 25 hours for activity scheduling.
The EPS (Electrical Power Subsystem) consists of the body mounted solar arrays, rechargeable lithium ion 18650 battery storage capable of sustaining subsystems during operating loads and orbit eclipses. The EPS also includes a watchdog timer to limit radio transmissions if command from Earth is lost.
The CHOMPTT Communications Subsystem uses two radios to perform two different tasks: beaconing and two-way ground communications. Two-way ground communications is performed with an Astrodev (Astronautical Development, LLC) Lithium 1 UHF transceiver and a deployable tape-measure monopole antenna. The Uplink and downlink rate is 9,600 bit/s under the AX.25 protocol with 1 W transmitted power from the satellite. The Astrodev transceiver is only powered when an uplink and downlink is scheduled over the ground station. The beacon uses a StenSat UHF transmitter with a tape measure monopole antenna, sending packets of data every 60 seconds at 1,200 bit/s when the Lithium transceiver is not on.
Figure 5 is a photo of the flight spacecraft during on-ground mission simulation tests in the University of Florida clean room. The nadir face of the spacecraft showing the OPTI payload can be seen on the right side of the image.
RF and Optical Ground Segments
The ground segment of the mission consists of a radio frequency (RF) ground station located at the University of Florida, as well as primary and secondary SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging) facilities. The UF RF ground station receives all telemetry and transmits all commands to/from the satellite. Both uplink and downlink communications use the amateur portion of the UHF band. Prior to launch the UF ground station included a Hy-Gain UB-7030 antenna with an iCOM IC-9100 transceiver. However, these equipment were later upgraded to improve the radio link to the satellite. This was needed because the receive sensitivity of the primary Lithium 1 radio system on board the spacecraft was worse than what was measured before launch. See the next section on flight operations for details.
Two SLR facilities are used for the CHOMPTT mission. The primary facility was developed by the Precision Space Systems Lab at UF, the University of Central Florida, NASA ARC, and the Naval Information Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR). It is located at the TISTEF (Townes Institute Science and Technology Experimentation Facility) at the Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, FL. This facility, shown schematically in Figure 6, consists of a high energy, pulsed laser system and precision timing equipment integrated with a series of optical satellite tracking telescopes.
The most critical part of this SLR facility is TISTEF's 50 cm aperture optical telescope, capable of tracking satellites in low Earth orbit. A custom InGaAs avalanche photodetector system is mounted onto the backplane of this telescope to receive the returned laser pulses from OPTI and time-stamp them with respect to the ground atomic clock.
The pulsed laser system is a FLARE 1064-50-50 manufactured by Coherent, Inc. It is a Q-switched laser, producing 2.5 ns-wide, 1 mJ pulses of 1064 nm light. A small fraction of the emitted light is redirected by a 103:1 beam splitter to the first ground detector, APD 0, which records t0ground. The bulk of the laser power is expanded from 1.1 mm diameter to 33 mm by a commercial Galilean beam expander. A pair of steering mirrors (not shown in Figure 6) direct the expanded beam into the entrance of a coudé path that uses a series of dichroic mirrors to align the out-going beam with the 50 cm receive telescope. The last coudé path mirror is a fast steering mirror (FSM), which is used to accommodate the point-ahead angle between the transmitted and returned laser beams.
The laser is driven by rising edge triggers produced by a FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)-based pulse modulator using a Microsemi Frequency & Time Corp. SmartFusion2 FPGA. This modulator can produce microsecond-level variations in the nominal 10 Hz repetition rate in order to correlate timing measurements made on the ground with those measured in space.
The ground clock at the SLR facility is a Microsemi Frequency & Time Corp. SA.31m Rubidium Clock. This clock has an Allan deviation that is ~3 times lower than that of the CSAC for averaging times less than 6,000 s. It will therefore not contribute significantly to the overall timing performance of the mission. The SLR facility event timer is an AMS TDC-GPX2 time-to-digital converter. This unit records timing events t0ground and t2ground based on pulse detections made by APD 0 and APD 2, respectively, at the SLR facility.
Tracking of the CHOMPTT CubeSat is performed by the optical beacon incorporated into OPTI. The SLR telescopes will initially follow the azimuth and elevation track of the CubeSat based on orbit solutions using both GPS telemetry and data provided by the CSpOC (Combined Space Operations Center), formerly the JSpOC (Joint Space Operations Center). A series of tracking telescopes equipped with infrared imagers and covering a range of fields of view search for the optical beacon transmitted by OPTI. Once the beacon is detected, the telescope mount is driven by feedback control to keep the beacon signal centered in the image and bore sighted with the transmit laser.
The secondary SLR facility is located on Mount Stromlo, Australia and is owned and operated by EOS Space Systems. Functionally, it is very similar to the TISTEF facility. Key differences are the higher laser power and larger aperture telescopes used by EOS, which improve the optical link margin. The largest EOS SLR receive telescope has an aperture of 1.8 m, while the receive aperture at TISTEF is 0.5 m. The maximum average transmit laser power at EOS is roughly two orders of magnitude higher than the 1 W average power for the TISTEF laser.
Launch
On 16 December 2018, the US small satellite launch company Rocket Lab launched its third orbital mission of 2018, successfully deploying satellites to orbit for NASA. The mission, designated Educational Launch of Nanosatellites (ELaNa)-19 , took place just over a month after Rocket Lab's last successful orbital launch, ‘It's Business Time.' Rocket Lab has launched a total of 24 satellites to orbit in 2018. 9) 10)
Orbit: After being launched to an elliptical orbit, Electron's Curie engine-powered kick stage separated from the vehicle's second stage before circularizing to a 500 x 500 km orbit at an 85 º inclination. After 56 minutes into the mission, the 13 satellites on board were individually deployed to their precise, designated orbits.
The nanosatellites launched come from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Glenn Research Center and Langley Research Center, along with the U.S. Naval Academy and educational institutions in California, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, New Mexico and West Virginia. There are also CubeSats from the Aerospace Corp. based in Southern California, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency — the research and development arm of the U.S. Defense Department.
Payload Complement of 13 CubeSats
This mission includes 10 ELaNa-19 (Educational Launch of Nanosatellites-19) payloads, selected by NASA's CubeSat Launch Initiative. The initiative is designed to enhance technology development and student involvement. These payloads will provide information and demonstrations in the following areas: 11)
• CeREs (Compact Radiation belt Explorer), a 3U CubeSat of NASA. High energy particle measurement in Earth's radiation belt.
• STF-1 (Simulation-to-Flight-1), a 3U CubeSat (4 kg) of WVU (West Virginia University). The objective is to demonstrate how established simulation technologies may be adapted for flexible and effective use on missions using the CubeSat Platform.
• AlBus (Advanced Electrical Bus), a 3U CubeSat of NASA/GRC to demonstrate power technology for high density CubeSats.
• CHOMPTT (CubeSat Handling Of Multisystem Precision Time Transfer), a 3U CubeSat of UFL (University of Florida). CHOMPTT is equipped with atomic clocks to be synchronized with a ground clock via laser pulses.
• CubeSail, a mission of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. A low-cost demonstration of the UltraSail solar sailing concept, using two near-identical 1.5U CubeSat satellites to deploy a 260 m-long, 20 m2 reflecting film.
• NMTSat (New Mexico Tech Satellite), a 3U CubeSat developed by the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology with the goal to monitor space weather in low Earth orbit and correlate this data with results from structural and electrical health monitoring systems.
• RSat-P (Repair Satellite-Prototype), a 3U CubeSat of the USNA (US Naval Academy ) in Annapolis Maryland to demonstrate capabilities for in-orbit repair systems (manipulation of robotic arms).
• ISX (Ionospheric Scintillation Explorer), a 3U CubeSat of NASA and CalPoly to investigate the physics of naturally occurring Equatorial Spread F ionospheric irregularities by deploying a passive ultra-high frequency radio scintillation receiver.
• Shields-1, a 3U CubeSat of NASA/LaRC, a technology demonstration of environmentally durable space hardware to increase the technology readiness level of new commercial hardware through performance validation in the relevant space environment.
• Da Vinci, a 3U CubeSat of the North Idaho STEM Charter Academy to teach students about radio waves, aeronautical engineering, space propulsion, and geography by sending a communication signal to schools around the world.
In addition to the 10 CubeSats to be launched through NASA's ELaNa program, there are three more nanosatellites set for liftoff on top of the Electron rocket in New Zealand. NASA also provided a launch opportunity for:
• AeroCube 11 consists of two nearly identical 3U CubeSats developed by the Aerospace Corp. in El Segundo, California. The AeroCube 11 mission's two CubeSats, named TOMSat EagleScout and TOMSat R3, will test miniaturized imagers. One of the CubeSats carries a pushbroom imager to collect vegetation data for comparison to the much larger OLI (Operational Land Imager) aboard the Landsat-8 satellite, and the other TOMSat CubeSat has a focal plane array on-board to take pictures of Earth, the moon and stars. Both satellites feature a laser communication downlink.
• SHFT (Space-based High Frequency Testbed), a 3U CubeSat (5 kg) mission of DARPA, developed by NASA/JPL. The objective is to study variations in the plasma density of the ionosphere by collecting high-frequency radio signals, including those from natural galactic background emissions, from Jupiter, and from transmitters on Earth.
Rocket Lab has christened the mission "This One's for Pickering" in honor of the New Zealand-born scientist William Pickering, who was director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, for 22 years until his retirement in 1976.
Operations and Early Flight Data
The CHOMPTT satellite was successfully launched into low Earth orbit on 16 December 2018 on NASA's Venture Class Launch Services (VCLS) ELaNa XIX mission using the Rocket Lab USA Electron vehicle from Mahia, New Zealand. The satellite was inserted into a near-circular orbit with a perigee altitude of 498.5 km and an apogee altitude of 502.8 km with an inclination of 85.0º. At this altitude, we expect the spacecraft to remain on orbit for approximately 7 years before reentry into Earth's atmosphere (Ref. 1).
After deployment from its CubeSat dispenser on the Electron Kick Stage, the CHOMPTT spacecraft entered a quiescent-mode for 15 minutes where all of the subsystems were off. After the designated quiescent period, the spacecraft bus and payload powered on automatically. The spacecraft ADCS then began a 5 day detumble period using magnetorquers. The magnetorquers were activated for a period of 30 minutes every 2.5 hours during this 5 day period. When the OPTI payload was powered on, it entered a low power 'clock counting mode'. In this mode, only one of the two instrument channels is active with only that channel's CSAC turned on and the associated MSP-430 microprocessor counting clock cycles. During this early period of the mission, the spacecraft's StenSat UHF radio beaconed health and safety information to the ground every 60 seconds. This beacon data provided the first indication that both the spacecraft and payload survived the launch and orbit insertion.
Upon completion of the detumble activity, the satellite entered a cycle of activities that repeats every 25 hours. At the start of these 25 hour cycles, the spacecraft aligns its GPS antenna in the zenith direction and attempts to autonomously acquire GPS data. The spacecraft uses these data to propagate its orbit and determine when it is over either the UF ground station or over NASA ARC in the San Francisco Bay area. When the spacecraft is over one of these locations (alternating between locations each 25 hour cycle), the spacecraft turns on the primary Lithium 1 radio and listens for commands from the ground.
During each 25 hour cycle, spacecraft and payload health and safety data is recorded continuously. Some of these data are transmitted to the ground every 60 seconds via the Stensat beacon radio, except when the Lithium 1 radio is active to avoid interference. Both radios use the same carrier frequency. If no commands are received by the Lithium 1 radio within a specified time limit (typically 14 days), the watchdog timer turns off the beacon transmissions. Other spacecraft and payload activities occur during these 25 hour cycles when specifically commanded to do so.
Acquisition of GPS data and subsequent scheduling of Lithium 1 uplink activities by the spacecraft has occurred successfully during nearly every 25 hour cycle. One notable exception was the very first 25 hour cycle after the de-tumble activity. However, attempts to send commands to the spacecraft using the UF RF ground station were initially unsuccessful. This resulted in a timeout of the watchdog timer, causing beacon transmissions to cease for a short period. After multiple attempts to command the spacecraft from the UF ground station and additional successful commanding operations using the SRI International 18 m parabolic antenna in Stanford, CA, it was determined that the receive sensitivity of the CHOMPTT Lithium 1 radio on orbit was about –85 dBm. This is higher than the pre-launch measurements of –95 dBm taken in the anechoic chamber at NASA ARC. The 10 dB degradation is suspected to be caused by electrical noise from the bus, either due to the increased ADCS activity or the battery charging from the solar panels. Neither of those factors were present in the RF anechoic chamber tests.
From early 2019 until April 2019, flight operations continued in a limited capacity through the use of the SRI 18 m antenna. During this time period, the UF RF ground station was upgraded. The 75 W iCOM radio was replaced with an Ettus SDR (Software Defined Radio) and a 550 W Beko amplifier. The Hy-Gain antenna was also replaced with a M2 436CP30 antenna with 1.5 dB of additional gain. With these upgrades, starting in late May 2019, the UF ground station has been able to close the RF link and command the CHOMPTT spacecraft reliably.
Mission Status
• As of June 2019, over 8,098 spacecraft beacon packets and over 6,038 OPTI payload packets were collected. Both the spacecraft and payload are functioning nominally. The majority of these beacon data were received by the Amateur Radio community and uploaded the PSSL (Precision Space Systems Laboratory) database via our web portal at UF. See: https://pssl.mae.ufl.edu/#chomptt/main/
- Due to the sun-synchronous orbit, high-efficient GOM Space solar panels, high capacity batteries, and low power-state of the spacecraft, the spacecraft has remained in a nominally power positive state over the past six months. The bus battery maximum voltage is 8.4 V and the measured voltage never fell below 7.9 V.
- The spacecraft has temperature sensors on the StenSat, EPS, C&DH smartphone, ADCS, Router, and Lithium PCBs as well as each of the solar panels. The measured on-orbit temperatures are within 10ºC of the estimated values determined by a Thermal Desktop model, with on orbit maximum values near 50ºC. The measured values fall well within the range of the bounding acceptable ratings of –10ºC and +60ºC for all spacecraft and payload components. Figure 8 shows one example of the spacecraft bus temperature variations over a four month period and the predicted steady state value under the hottest conditions. The gap in the data near the beginning of the mission was caused by the watchdog timer timeout, which halted beacon transmissions.
- The OPTI payload temperatures typically fall within the range of 5ºC and 30ºC. This is consistent with prelaunch analyses as is the payload power consumption. Both chip scale atomic clocks continue to function nominally on orbit, although typically only the Channel A CSAC is operating.
- Spacecraft Pointing Performance: Prelaunch analysis of the CHOMPTT spacecraft ADCS predicted a pointing accuracy that was within ±5º. Once the satellite was on orbit, a post launch calibration of the sun sensor photodiodes and the magnetometers was required to tune the ADCS. Most important was the estimation of the magnetometer bias in three axes and the gains and offsets of the sun sensor photodiodes on all faces of the spacecraft. Once these parameters were determined by analysis of the flight data on the ground, the new biases and gains were uploaded to the spacecraft. This calibration process reduced pointing errors from ±8º to ±0.5º.
- Time-Transfer Operations: During nominal time-transfer operations, the CHOMPTT spacecraft first de-tumbles the spacecraft to a desired body rate. The spacecraft then uses its magnetometers, sun sensors, IMU, and reaction wheels to point itself in an inertially fixed direction that maximizes its contact duration with SLR facility. The OPTI payload is switched from its nominal clockcounting mode to time-transfer mode using one of its two channels. In this mode, the TEC temperature control for the APD is activated, the event timer is switched on and made ready to record timing events with respect to the CSAC, and the 808 nm laser beacon is switched on to assist SLR tracking of the CubeSat. The SLR facility initially uses CHOMPTT's ephemeris as the pointing reference for the optical telescopes. Tracking telescopes with various fields of view, boresighted with the main receive telescope, image OPTI's laser beacon or glints from the Sun reflecting off of the solar panels. Once the beacon or CHOMPTT image is acquired, the tracking telescopes are then used as the primary pointing reference for the SLR facility.
- Active tracking of CHOMPTT is currently only reliable when the SLR facility is in darkness. Otherwise, daytime sky radiance reduces the signal-to-noise of the image and neither CHOMPTT nor its optical beacons can be seen. In addition, the primary pointing reference for the spacecraft ADCS is the Sun's orientation measured by the sun sensors. Because of this, nominal time-transfer operations have only been planned during ‘terminator passes', in which the spacecraft is illuminated by the Sun and the SLR facility is in darkness. Terminator passes only occur just before sunrise or just after sunset at the SLR facility.
- Due to regulatory issues regarding laser safety, CHOMPTT has not yet been lased by the TISTEF facility at KSC. These issues are set to be resolved by mid-June 2019. However, with the assistance of SPAWAR, TISTEF was able to passively track the spacecraft by imaging its optical beacons, which could be seen modulating at 1 Hz as expected on 24 April 2019. Telemetry from current monitors on the OPTI payload also show that the spacecraft optical beacons are functioning properly. This test provides confidence that we can acquire and track CHOMPTT from TISTEF with sufficient pointing accuracy to enable time-transfer operations.
- CHOMPTT has also been successfully tracked from EOS Space Systems' Australian sites. Figure 9 shows an image of CHOMPTT taken by the EOS tracking telescopes in Western Australia. However, EOS Space Systems has not yet had an opportunity to lase the spacecraft from the Mount Stromlo site. This is primarily due to cloud cover during the acceptable terminator passes over the SRL facility or spacecraft mis-pointing at the SLR facility due to late-tracking and saturation of the reaction wheels.
- CHOMPTT currently relies on spacecraft terminator passes over either SLR facility to facilitate tracking and optical time-transfer. This condition occurs for approximately 1 month, every 3 months, with about 4-6 sufficient passes. While CHOMPTT was able to be tracked during the month of April from both stations, the next opportunity for time-transfer operations during terminator passes from both SLR facilities occurs in July 2019. Additional efforts are also underway to attempt daytime tracking with the EOS facility, where the both the spacecraft and ground station are in direct sun. We have procured a narrow band pass optical filter centered on the 808 nm wavelength of the OPTI beacon lasers. This would block a sufficient portion of the sky irradiance and allow the EOS tracking telescope to image the spacecraft's laser beacons for tracking.
- In summary, the CHOMPTT laser time-transfer technology demonstration mission was successfully launched into low Earth orbit in December of 2018. The 1U OPTI payload was designed to transfer terrestrial time standards to a low Earth orbiting CubeSat using standard Satellite Laser Ranging facilities. The instrument incorporates two small atomic clocks, two picosecond event timers and microprocessor-based clock counters, two nadir-facing avalanche photodetectors, and a single retroreflector array. The measured short term performance of the OPTI flight unit was 75 ps, and over longer time scales, its timing precision is limited by the frequency stability of the on-board chip scale atomic clocks. The 1U OPTI payload was integrated with a 3U CubeSat bus, which has heritage from the NASA Ames Research Center EDSN/NODeS bus. There are two optical ground segments for the mission located at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida and Mount Stromlo in Australia. The NASA spacecraft bus and University of Florida payload are both operational and healthy after six months on-orbit. Both chip scale atomic clocks are performing nominally and the payload thermal environment and power draw are consistent with pre-launch analyses. We were able passively track the spacecraft from both SLR sites with sufficient accuracy, and we intend to perform optical time-transfer operations during the month of July, 2019. A successful demonstration of precision time-transfer by OPTI will enable future missions requiring precision time distribution on compact space platforms (Ref. 1).
References
1) John W. Conklin, Seth Nydam, Tyler Ritz, Nathan Barnwell, Paul Serra, John Hanson, Anh N. Nguyen, Cedric Priscal, Jan Stupl, Belgacem Jaroux, Adam Zufall, "Preliminary results from the CHOMPTT laser time-transfer mission," Proceedings of the 33rd Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites, August 3-8, 2019, Logan, UT, USA, paper: SSC19-VI-03, URL: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4407&context=smallsat
2) P Defraigne and G Petit, "Time transfer to TAI using geodetic receivers," Metrologia, Volume 40, Number 4, published 25 June 2003, https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/40/4/307
3) Jan McGarry, Tom Zagwodzki, Ron Zellar, Carey Noll, Greg Neumann, Mark Torrence, Julie Horvath, Bart Clarke, Randy Ricklefs, Mike Pearlman, "Laser ranging to the lunar reconnaissance orbiter: a global network effort," 16th International Workshop On Laser Ranging, Poznan Poland, 2006, URL: [web source no longer available]
4) L. Cacciapuoti, Ch. Salomon, "Space clocks and fundamental tests: The aces experiment," The European Physical Journal Special Topics, Volume 172, Issue 1, pp 57–68, June 2009, https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2009-01041-7
5) James Chartres, Hugo Sanchez, John Hanson, "EDSN development lessons learned," Proceedings of the 28th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites,paper: SSC14-VI-7, August 2014, URL: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3106&context=smallsat
6) Jeremy Anderson, Nathan Barnwell, , Maria Carrasquilla, , Jonathan Chavez,Olivia Formoso, Asia Nelson, Tyler Noel, Seth Nydam, Jessie Pease, Frank Pistella, Tyler Ritz, Steven Roberts, Paul Serra, Evan Waxman, John W. Conklin, Watson Attai, John Hanson, Anh N. Nguyen, Ken Oyadomari, Cedric Priscal, Jan Stupl, Jasper Wolf, Belgacem Jaroux, "Sub-nanosecond ground-to-space clock synchronization for nanosatellites using pulsed optical links," Advances in Space Research, Volume 62, Issue 12, 15 December 2018, Pages 3475-3490, Available online 27 June 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.06.032
7) Acam-Messelectronic, "TDC-GPX Ultra-high Performance 8 Channel Time-to-Digital Converter datasheet", Acam-Messelectronic GmbH, 2007
8) John W. Conklin, Nathan Barnwell, Leopoldo Caro, Maria Carrascilla, Olivia Formoso, Seth Nydam, Paul Serra, Norman Fitz-Coy, "Optical time transfer for future disaggregated small satellite navigation systems", Proceedings of the 28th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites , August 2014, paper: SSC14-IX-5, URL: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3085&context=smallsat
9) "Rocket Lab successfully launches NASA CubeSats to orbit on first ever Venture Class Launch Services mission," Rocket Lab, 16 December 2018, URL: https://www.rocketlabusa.com/news/updates/rocket-lab-successfully-launches-nasa-cubesats-to-orbit-on-first-ever-venture-class-launch-services-mission/
10) Stephen Clark, "NASA, Rocket Lab partner on successful satellite launch from New Zealand," Spaceflight Now, 17 December 2018, URL: https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/12/17/nasa-rocket-lab-partner-on-successful-satellite-launch-from-new-zealand/
11) "10 CubeSats Ready for NASA's First Venture Class Launch," NASA, 13 December 2018, URL: [web source no longer available]
The information compiled and edited in this article was provided by Herbert J. Kramer from his documentation of: "Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors" (Springer Verlag) as well as many other sources after the publication of the 4th edition in 2002. - Comments and corrections to this article are always welcome for further updates (eoportal@symbios.space)
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