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Jul 23, 2021

Technology Development

Global Growth of Patent Filings in Cosmonautics

July 22, 2021: The explosive growth in space activity in recent years is observed through a new lens in the pages of a major study of global and European space-related patents. At the same time as membership of the global space club increases, and yearly number of space launches goes on growing, a steepening of patent filings in both Europe and across the world suggest a maturing market, as key players seek to defend their intellectual assets. ¹⁾

The European Patent Office (EPO) and the European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) with support from ESA performed a pilot effort looking back over the last three decades of global and European filings involving some 12,000 space-related patent families (referring to a collection of filings relating to the same or similar technical content).

The study reflects a phase of massive growth since 2013: more than 470 spacecraft were launched every year in the period 2017 to 2019, compared to only 110 being launched on average from 2000 to 2003. As a direct result the number of operating satellites has doubled in less than a decade, driven also by the increased usage of very small satellites, including CubeSats. While public investment remains the mainstay of space investment, the past few years have seen unprecedented private capital flows.

Among the study’s key findings are a concurrent worldwide growth in space-related patent filings, with European activity a contributing factor to this trend.

While the single largest factor in recent growth has come from China, this overall increasing trend would still be present if all Chinese applicants were disregarded.

European patent filings are driven primarily by innovation in Germany and France, with 1,270 patent families and 1,219 , respectively. These are followed in lower numbers by players from the UK, Italy, Sweden, the Netherlands and Switzerland.

The overwhelming majority of these patents arise in ESA Member States, underscoring the critical role of ESA as a grouping of major European space-faring nations.

Within Europe, 85% of the investigated patents are owned by companies, with 13 of the top 15 players either European companies such as Airbus, Thales and Safran, US companies including Boeing, Northrop Grumman, Maxar Technologies, Aerojet Rocketdyne and GM, or Japanese companies such as Toyota. The other two are the French government (through French space agency CNES) and the German Aerospace Center, DLR.

Figure 1: Move over plastic: desktop 3D printing in metal or ceramics. These spur gears – seen here with a euro cent coin for scale – have been produced in stainless steel to a space standard of quality using nothing more than an off-the-shelf desktop 3D printer. ESA-supported startup TIWARI Scientific Instruments in Germany has developed a technique allowing low cost 3D printing using a variety of metals and ceramics. Ordinarily producing precision parts in such high-performance materials would be costly in both time and money, but the company can instead shape them using standard 3D printing techniques. TIWARI’s FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication) print process uses thermoplastic filaments that are embedded with particles of the metal or ceramic the part is to be made from. Once the printing is finished, the part – known as a ‘green body’ – is put through a thermal treatment to eliminate the plastic, leaving behind a metal or ceramic item (image credit: TIWARI Scientific Instruments)

Figure 2: Worldwide cosmonautics patent filing by country of origin. The European Patent Office and the European Space Policy Institute with support from ESA performed a pilot effort looking back over the last three decades of global and European filings involving some 12 000 space-related patent families (referring to a collection of filings relating to the same or similar technical content), image credit: EPO

Notably, the single leading player worldwide and Europe is European company Airbus, although while the company’s patent filings remain steady, the patent filings by the state-owned China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) have risen dramatically in recent years.

A significant share of patents in Europe are applied for by non-European countries, suggesting how Europe is an important market for non-European players where innovation is an important competitive factor. So for instance there is a strong tendency for US, Japanese and Korean actors to file for patents in Europe, less so the in case of Russian and Chinese actors.

The patent filing statistics suggest a dynamic sector, which new players entering the field and incumbents leaving it, with an increase in the number of non-space actors with limited, specific expertise entering the field.

A noticeable trait in the study is the balance of company-owned patent applications in Europe. Only 7% of the whole dataset comes from ESA Member States applicants with portfolios smaller than 500 patent families, while a greater share is attributed to large corporations. To better understand this phenomenon, an ESA pilot study is intended to examine the uptake of intellectual property for small-medium enterprises and academia.

Defining Cosmonautics

With their series of patent insight reports, the European Patent Office has made efforts to raise awareness about the impact of intellectual property and identifying future and emerging technologies. The demand for such valuable insights has been growing equally to the rising interest in space business and policy. This pilot study aims to assess trends in the space sector with patent data, while addressing the transversal nature of the domain. The success of this pilot effort has also paved the way for future studies in space-related topics, planned for the upcoming years.

This study focused on ‘cosmonautics’, defined as related to transport and operation outside Earth’s atmosphere, including interplanetary travel, excluding rocketry employed to leave Earth.

Figure 3: Small balcony. Image from ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet's third spacewalk of the Alpha mission with NASA astronaut Shane Kimbrough. Posted to social media with the caption: Very tiny balcony, with a very big sea view. Third time is a charm! After two spacewalks with some technical hitches, this third round couldn't have gone better. Two new solar panels installed, and a high-five to everybody involved, on Earth, inside the Space Station and of course to my spacewalk buddy Shane! (image credit: ESA/NASA)

The definition was guided by ESA’s Technology Tree, which is used to classify technical expertise available from the Agency, amounting to the following eight technology domains:

• Propulsion – the primary mobility system of any spacecraft, from chemical and electrical propulsion to new concepts such as air-breathing, hybrid nuclear, tether and solar sail propulsion

• Structures – supplying the rigidity needed to operate through launch and space operations

• Space system control – allowing spacecraft to determine and control their attitude and orbit

• Mechanisms –Moving systems such as actuators, booms and release systems (limited to non-explosive for the study)

• Spacecraft electrical power – supplying the power needed to operate the mission on a continuous, reliable 24/7 basis

• Thermal – controlling temperature extremes within acceptable ranges across mission phases

• Automation, telepresence and robotics – Enabling operations in remote and extreme environments

• Space debris – methods to reduce space debris risks, including tracking, passive and active removal methods and enhanced end-of-life operations.

Propulsion and space debris were topics seeing particular growth in patent filings, with spacecraft electrical power a strong third, often linked to automotive-related players.

To read the report ”Cosmonautics patents study” in full, click here. ²⁾

References

1) ”Expanding space fuels global growth in patent filings,” ESA / Enabling & Support / Space Engineering & Technology, 22 July 2021, URL: https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology
/Expanding_space_fuels_global_growth_in_patent_filings

2) ”CosmonauticsThe development of space-related technologies in terms of patent activity,” Published by the EPO (European Patent Office), ESPI, and ESA, 2021, URL: http://documents.epo.org/projects/babylon/eponet.nsf/0/
E1DF0B13D852BB7BC12586FE0049DC4A/$File/patent_insight_report-cosmonautics_en.pdf

The information compiled and edited in this article was provided by Herbert J. Kramer from his documentation of: ”Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors” (Springer Verlag) as well as many other sources after the publication of the 4th edition in 2002. -Comments and corrections to this article are always welcome for further updates (eoportal@symbios.space).

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