Satellite Missions Catalogue

Electro-L / GOMS-2 (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite-2)

May 28, 2012

ROSKOSMOS

ROSHYDROMET

Atmospheric specific humidity (column/profile)

Wind profile (horizontal)

Electro-L/GOMS-2 was a meteorological satellite with the purpose of providing hydro-meteorological, heliospheric, ionospheric, and magnetospheric data on the atmosphere and Earth surface. The data can be used for weather and solar monitoring and forecasting. The satellite also had an extra function in processing emergency calls.

Quick facts

Overview

Mission type	EO
Agency	ROSKOSMOS, ROSHYDROMET
Mission status	Mission complete, Operational (nominal)
Launch date	20 Jan 2011
End of life date	31 Dec 2029
Measurement domain	Atmosphere, Gravity and Magnetic Fields, Ocean, Land, Snow & Ice
Measurement category	Snow cover, edge and depth, Vegetation, Radiation budget, Atmospheric Winds, Gravity, Magnetic and Geodynamic measurements, Atmospheric Humidity Fields, Cloud type, amount and cloud top temperature, Atmospheric Temperature Fields, Surface temperature (ocean), Liquid water and precipitation rate, Surface temperature (land), Ozone, Multi-purpose imagery (land)
Measurement detailed	Atmospheric specific humidity (column/profile), Wind profile (horizontal), O3 Mole Fraction, Fire fractional cover, Land surface temperature, Cloud top height, Short-wave Earth surface bi-directional reflectance, Sea surface temperature, Downward long-wave irradiance at Earth surface, Cloud cover, Snow cover, Cloud top temperature, Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI), Precipitation intensity at the surface (liquid or solid), Cloud type, Atmospheric stability index, Magnetic field (scalar), Cloud imagery, Magnetic field (vector)
Instruments	DCS, MSU-GS, GGAK-E
Instrument type	Space environment, Imaging multi-spectral radiometers (vis/IR), Data collection
CEOS EO Handbook	See Electro-L / GOMS-2 (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite-2) summary

electro-l spacecraft in orbit — Artist's view of the Electro-L spacecraft in orbit (Image credit: NTs OMZ)

Summary

Mission Capabilities

The Electro-L sensor complement consisted of four instruments.

MSU-GS (Multispectral Scanner- Geostationary) was a 10-channel radiometer that obtained solar reflected imagery and brightness temperature measurements from the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and the Earth’s Ocean and land surface.
GGAK-E (Helio-geophysical Instrument Complex on Electro-L) had seven components which would obtain particles to measure the sun’s X-ray radiation, the solar constant, and magnetic field components. This instrument allowed monitoring and forecasting of solar activity, radiation, and the magnetic field, as well as of the magnetosphere, ionosphere, and upper atmosphere.
ODSS (Onboard Data Sampling System) was a system used for data collection.
GEOSAR (Geostationary Search and Rescue System) was a complex system for the processing of emergency calls from satellite phones.

Performance Specifications

MSU-GS was imaged in three visible and seven infrared bands at a data rate of 2.56 - 15.36 Mbit/s. Its spatial resolution was 1 km in visible, near-infrared and low Middle-Wave Infrared (MWIR) bands, and 4 km in higher MWIR and thermal infrared bands.

GGAK-E had a pointing accuracy of less than 0.1° and took measurements in the spectral range of 0.2 - 100 μm. The pointing accuracy of the spacecraft as a whole was less than 0.05°, and it had an angular drift of less than 5 x 10-4 degrees per second.

Electro-L was in a geostationary orbit at an altitude of approximately 36,000 km, a longitude of 14.5°, and a nominal location of 76° East in the equatorial plane over the Indian Ocean.

Space and Hardware Components

Electro-L was three-axis stabilised and sourced its power from a deployable solar array. Radio Frequency (RF) communications were carried out through the Onboard Radio Engineering Complex (OREC) that would transmit and receive in both X-band and S-band.
The satellite’s mission ended in May 2017.

Electro-L / GOMS-2 (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite-2)

Overview Spacecraft Launch Mission Status Sensor Complement References

Electro-L is an approved geostationary meteorological mission under development of ROSHYDROMET / PLANETA / Roscosmos (Russian Federal Space Agency), a successor spacecraft to GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite), also referred to as Electro-1, launched Oct. 31, 1994 (which was never brought to full operational service due to technical problems).

The overall mission objectives of Electro-L are:

• To provide on an operational basis multispectral imagery (hydro-meteorological data) of the atmosphere (including the cloud-covered sky) and of the Earth's surface within the coverage region (visible disk) of the spacecraft

• To collect heliospheric, ionospheric, and magnetospheric data

• To provide the needed communication services for the transmission/exchange of all data with the ground segment

• To provide the services of data collection for the DCPs (Data Collection Platforms) in the ground segment as well as to provide the services of COSPAS/SARSAT.

Spacecraft

The Electro-L spacecraft is being designed and built by the NPO Lavochkin Research and Production Association of Moscow. The spacecraft employs the so-called "navigator" platform, a general-purpose bus which is three-axis stabilized.

A pointing accuracy of < 0.05º is provided; the angular drift is < 5 x 10^-4 º/s. A deployable solar array provides a power of 1.7 kW (EOL, the mean power consumption of the S/C is about 700 W).

The total mass of the spacecraft is about 1500 kg (payload mass of 370 kg). The S/C design life is 10 years. ¹⁾ ²⁾ ³⁾ ⁴⁾ ⁵⁾

Figure 2: Illustration of the Electro-L spacecraft and some of its components (image credit: Roshydromet/Planeta)

Launch

The Electro-L No 1 spacecraft was launched on January 20, 2011, on a Zenit-2 launch vehicle with a Fregat-SB booster from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan. ⁶⁾ ⁷⁾

Orbit: Geostationary orbit at the nominal location of 76º East (in the equatorial plane over the Indian Ocean).

OREC (Onboard Radio Engineering Complex). The objectives of the RF communication system are to provide all data transmission, relay, and retransmission services with the ground segment. These consist of the following functions:

• The sensor data downlink to CPPI (Ground Acquisition and Distribution Center) is in X-band (7.5 GHz) at a data rate of 2.56-15.36 Mbit/s

• Data reception from ground segment DCPs at 400 MHz (UHF), or DCP data relayed via LEO satellites at a frequency of 470 MHz. This data is transmitted from Electro-L to the CPPI in S-band at 1.7 GHz.

• Onboard reception of processed hydro-meteorological data products in X-band (8.2 GHz) and relay of this data in HRIT LRIT and WEFAX formats (in S-band at 1.7 GHz) to all customers

• Exchange of hydro-meteorological data and remote sensing data between regional centres in X-band (at 8.2 and 7.5 GHz) with data rates of up to 15.36 Mbit/s

• Data reception of COSPAS-S&RSAT messages at 406 MHz and retransmission of these messages at 1.54 GHz.

Figure 3: Alternate view of the Electro-L spacecraft in orbit (image credit: Roshydromet/Planeta) 8)

Figure 4: Artist's view of the Electro-L spacecraft in orbit (image credit: NTs OMZ) 9)

Mission Status

• November 2015: The Electro-L No 1 spacecraft is operational but in a degraded operational status. ¹⁰⁾

- MSU-GS instrument operates in the degraded mode due to technical issues onboard the spacecraft

- DCS is fully functional (300 national channels and 33 international channels)

- COSPAS-SARSAT system is functional

- GGAK instrument operates with significant limitations

- HRIT/LRIT channels are functional, but currently not in use

- When available, the data in HRIT format is distributed via SRC Planeta FTP server.

Figure 5: Russian Meteorological Satellite Systems (image credit: Roshydromet, Ref. 10)

• In April 2015, the status of the Electro-L No 1 mission was identical to that stated in November 2015. ¹¹⁾

• Nov. 14, 2014: The Electro-L spacecraft is in geostationary orbit at location 76ºE over the equator and continues to be used for its intended purpose with some restrictions. The orientation of the satellite is performed with stabilization engines. Even after the introduction of restrictions, the satellite camera provides monitoring of the visible disk of the Earth. ¹²⁾

- The multispectral camera (MSU-GS) of Electro-L provides the pre-programmed ability to capture images of the Earth in 10 ranges of visible and thermal infrared regions of the spectrum.

- The onboard equipment provides data on geophysical conditions in near-Earth space, performs telecommunications functions as well and to relay heliogeophysical data and information from the data-collection-platforms and ground units of the COSPAS-SARSAT system.

• The Electro-L spacecraft and its payload are operating nominally in 2014. ¹³⁾ ¹⁴⁾

• The Electro-L spacecraft and its payload are operating "nominally" in 2013 after more than 2 years on orbit (there is still a problem with the MWIR and TIR channels). ¹⁵⁾ ¹⁶⁾ ¹⁷⁾

Figure 6: Full-disk of the Earth lit during the equinox on September 22, 2013 (image credit: Roscosmos / NTs OMZ / SRC Planeta)

Legend to Figure 6: While Elektro-L can take photographs of the entire planet every 30 minutes, it only can get a fully-lit view like this just twice a year — at the spring and autumn equinoxes.

• In 2012, the Electro-L spacecraft and its payload are operating nominally. ¹⁸⁾

Figure 7: Full-disk image of Earth from Russia's Elektro-L spacecraft (image credit: NTsOMZ) 19)

Legend to Figure 7: Unlike most satellite images of Earth, this one was not assembled from multiple swath scans or digitally projected onto a globe model — it's the full disk of our planet captured as a single, enormous 121-megapixel image, acquired by Russia's Elektro-L weather-forecasting satellite.

Unlike NASA/NOAA GOES satellites, Elektro-L captures images in the infrared (MWIR, TIR) as well as in the VNIR spectrum, providing detail about not only cloud movement but also vegetation variations. Its wide-angle MSU-GS (Multichannel Scanning Unit-Geostationary) imager takes images every 15-30 minutes, showing the same viewpoint of Earth across progressive times of the day.

• The commissioning phase ended in December 2011. Nominal operations of Electro-L were started in January 2012. The imager (MSU_GS) is providing images to Planeta and NTs OMZ (Research Center for Earth Operative Monitoring) every 15 minutes. The geophysical system (GGAK-E) is operational as well. ²⁰⁾

• In mid-July 2011, Roskosmos announced that the testing of systems onboard the Elektro-L satellite had entered its final stage, while the trials of its ground control segment were still ongoing. Specialists were conducting test evaluations of the satellite's imagery and had completed a 10-day cycle of continuous photography. Updates to the algorithms of the image-processing software had been underway based on the produced test imagery, the agency said (Ref. 8).

• Several months into the mission, it was revealed that Elektro-L did experience a failure of one of four gyroscopic attitude control channels immediately after the launch. Although the problem was reportedly compensated for with the use of onboard sensors, the launch of the Spektr-R space observatory, which used a similar system, had to be delayed (Ref. 8).

• The Electro-L spacecraft is in the commissioning phase as of March 2011.

• The solar array deployed right after the spacecraft reached its target orbit.

Figure 8: First full-disk image of the Electro-L MSU-GS instrument taken on Feb. 26, 2011 (image credit:: NPO Lavochkin)

• On February 3, 2011, Electro-L reached its destination at 76º E longitude over the Indian Ocean.

• Jan. 21, 2011: Electro-L with a launch on Jan. 20, 2011, shows fully nominal operations in orbit as reported by Roscosmos. The project confirmed solar array deployment and nominal operations of the satellite. ²¹⁾

Sensor Complement

MSU-GS (Multispectral Scanner- Geostationary)

MSU-GS is a 10-channel radiometer. The instrument is being designed and developed by FSUE/RISDE (Federal State Unitary Enterprise) / Russian Scientific Institute of Space Device Engineering), Moscow, Russia (note: the Russian abbreviation of FSUE/RISDE is RNIIKP).

The objectives are to obtain solar reflected imagery and brightness temperature measurements from TOA (Top of Atmosphere) and of the Earth's surface (ocean and land). In addition, the tropospheric moisture content is determined. An image of a sub-region of the disk of size yy km x zz km can be obtained in parallel. The instrument data rate is 2.56 - 15.36 Mbit/s. ²²⁾ ²³⁾

The MSU-GS instrument is a multi-zonal scanner to take imagery in 3 visible and 7 infrared bands. In full accordance with the specifications of ROSHYDROMET, MSU-GS parameters will be close to those of the SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) instrument now operating onboard the MeteoSat-8/MSG-1 spacecraft of EUMETSAT.

Table 1: Instrument specifications of MSU-GS
Band	Spectral range (FWHM)	Spatial resolution	NEDT at 300 K	Comment
VNIR (µm)	0.5-0.65 0.65-0.80 0.8-0.9	1 km		Cloud cover (solar reflective band)
MWIR1 (µm)	3.5-4.0	1 km	0.8	Nighttime and cloud cover
MWIR2 (µm)	5.7-7.0 7.5-8.5 8.2-9.2	4 km	0.4 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2	Water vapor
TIR1 (µm)	9.2-10.2 10.2-11.2	4 km	0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2	SST (Sea Surface Temperature) and water vapor
TIR2 (µm)	11.2-12.5	4 km	0.1-0.2	SST and water vapor
Scan angle	20 ± 0.5º x 20 ± 0.5º
SNR	≥ 200 (for VNIR bands)
Power consumption	≤ 150 W
Mass	106 kg
Design life	10 years

Figure 9: Illustration of the MSU-GS instrument (image credit: FSUE/RSIDE)

GGAK-E (Heliogeophysical Instrument Complex on Electro-L)

The objective of this instrument suite is to obtain particles (particle count of protons, electrons and alpha particles), to measure the sun's X-ray radiation, the solar constant, and to measure the magnetic field components for: ²⁴⁾

• Monitoring and forecasting of solar activity

• Monitoring and forecasting radiation and magnetic field in the near-Earth space

• Diagnostics and monitoring of the natural and modified magnetosphere, ionosphere and upper atmosphere.

Table 2: Overview of GGAK-E components and their observed parameters
Instrument	Measured parameters
SKIF-6 (Corpuscular radiation spectrometer)	1. Differential energy spectra of low-energy electrons and protons:
	Range Measurement interval Spectrum scan time	0.05-20.0 keV, 1 s 10 s (rough mode), 40 s (fine mode)
	2. Electron and proton density fluxes
	channel 1: channel1 2: channel1 3: channel1 4: channel1 5: channel1 6: channel1 7: channel1 8: channel1 9: channel1 10: channel1 11: channel1 12: measurement interval	Ee ≥ 0.15 MeV E_e ≥ 0.6 MeV E_e ≥ 0.85 MeV E_e ≥ 1.0 MeV E_e = 0.65-0.85 MeV E_e = 0.85-1 MeV 1 s	E_p ≥ 0.85 MeV E_p = 1-150 MeV E_p = 3-10 MeV E_p ≥ 15 MeV E_p ≥ 15 MeV E_p ≥ 15 MeV E_p =15-400 MeV E_p =15-70 MeV E_p =1-15 MeV E_p =15-70 MeV
SKL-E (Solar cosmic rays spectrometer)	Electron and proton density fluxes
	channel1 1: channel1 2: channel1 3: channel1 4: channel1 5: channel1 6 channel1 7 channel1 8: channel1 9: channel1 10: channel1 11: measurement interval	E_e ≥ 0.2 MeV E_e ≥ 2.3 MeV E_e = 2.3-4.2 MeV E_e = 4.2-6 MeV E_e = 6-20 MeV 1 s	E_p ≥ 3.5 MeV E_p ≥ 13.5 MeV E_p =13.7-23 MeV E_p =23-42 MeV E_p =42-112 MeV E_p =112-320 MeV E_p =3.5-95 MeV E_p ≥ 100 MeV
GALS-E (Detector of galactic cosmic rays)	Proton density fluxes:
	channel1 1: channel1 2: channel1 3: measurement interval	E_p ≥ 600 MeV E_p ≥ 800 MeV E_p ≥ 1200 MeV 1 s
ISP-2M (Solar constant sensor)	Integral radiance of the Sun (integral solar constant):
	Spectral range Measurement interval Single measurement accuracy Mean day value accuracy	0.2-100 µm 1 s 0.05% 0.01%
VUSS-E (Solar UV radiation sensor)	Intensity of the solar UV radiation
	Wavelength Measurement interval	121.6 nm (HLα-line) 1 s
DIR-E (Solar X-ray radiation)	Intensity of the soft solar X-ray radiation
	X-ray energy range Measurement interval	3.0 - 10.0 keV 1 s
FM-E (Magnetometer instrument)	Three components of the magnetic induction vector
	Magnetic induction range (for each component) Relative accuracy Measurement frequency		±600 nT 0.01% 16 vectors / s

Legend of Table 2: E_e and E_p are the energies of electrons and protons respectively.

The GGAK-E instrument assembly has a mass of ~50 kg and a power consumption of ~50 W.

The GGAK-E instrument components are

1) SKIF-6: Corpuscular radiation spectrometer

2) SKL-E: Solar cosmic rays spectrometer

3) GALS-E: Detector of galactic cosmic rays

4) ISP-2M: Solar constant sensor

5) VUSS-E: Solar UV radiation sensor

6) DIR-E: Solar X-ray radiation flux sensor

7) FM-E: Magnetometer instrument.

Currently, only the following components are described to some degree: SKIF-6, SKL-E, GALS-E, ISP-2M, and FM-E.

Figure 10: Particle spectrometric instruments of GGAK-E with the energy ranges of detected electron and proton fluxes (the number of spectral channels is indicated in brackets)

Table 3: Technical specification of the ISP-2M instrument
Operating mode	Continuous after detecting the sun (when the instrument does not see the sun, the measurements are stopped)
Sun tracking angles: - azimuth - elevation	0 to 350º 0 to 60º
Pointing accuracy	< 1.0º
Sun tracking speed	not less than 2º/s
Power consumption, instrument mass	19 W, 12 kg
Spectral range	0.2 to 100 µm
Dynamic range	700 to 1500 W/m²
Accuracy of one measurement (consists of 10 counts)	0.05%
Accuracy of the mean day value	0.01%

Figure 11: Illustration of the solar constant sensor ISP-2M (image credit: NTsOMZ)

FM-E, the digital ferro-sonde magnetometer, measures three components of the magnetic induction vector. It consists of a 3-component ferro-sonde sensor, a 3-channel analogue electronic unit, a digital data collection system on the basis of sigma-delta modulators, and an isolated secondary power supply source.

Table 4: Main FM-E instrument parameters
Magnetic induction range (for each component)	±600 nT
Temperature coefficient	10^-5
Null level	within ±5 nT
Relative accuracy	0.01%
Measurement (or sampling) rate	16 vectors/s
Working temperature range - Sensor unit - Electronic unit	-60º to +60º 0 to 40º
Power consumption	< 3 W
Instrument size - Sensor unit - Electronic unit	65 mm x 65 mm x 100 mm 75 mm x 155 mm x 225 mm
Instrument mass	0.5 kg (sensor unit), 2.5 kg (electronic unit)
Working resource	> 120,000 hours
Failure-free operation probability	> 0.95

ODSS (Onboard Data Sampling System)

ODSS is a data collection system provided by ROSHYDROMET, Moscow.

GEOSAR (Geostationary Search & Rescue) System

GEOSAR is of COSPAS-S&RSAT for emergency calls.

The repeater is redundantly configured and consists of the following units: ²⁵⁾

• two 406 MHz low-noise amplifiers (shared with another satellite subsystem)

• two dual conversion 406 MHz receivers

• two 4 W phase modulated 1.5 GHz transmitters

• one 406 MHz receive antenna

• one 1544.5 MHz transmitter.

The 406 MHz signals from 406 MHz beacons are received by the antenna and fed through the diplexer and switch to a low-noise amplifier. The low-noise amplifier output is connected to the S&R receiver. The signal is down-converted for bandpass filtering in accordance with one of two commendable bands with modes; a narrow band mode of 20 kHz or a wide band mode of 80 kHz.

The filtered output signal is further down-converted to the near baseband and fed through amplifiers to the S&R transmitter. The overall gain of the S&R receiver can be command selected into a fixed gain or Automatic Gain Control (AGC) mode.

The S&R transmitter phase modulates the signal 1544.5 MHz and amplifies the modulated carrier to 4 W. The phase-modulated signal has the nominal modulation index set such that the carrier suppression is 3 dB with the receiver in the AGC mode. A baseband limiter restricts the modulation index from exceeding 2 radians. The transmitter output is applied through a 4 MHz bandwidth filter to an antenna.

Note: Throughout this documentation the terminology of GEOSAR and S&RSAT are being used instead of the "GEOSAR" and "SARSAT" terms (as introduced in the literature) - in order to avoid confusion with the acronym SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) which is frequently being used in Earth observation programs.

Table 5: Electro-L S&R receiver parameters
No	Parameter	Unit	Value
1	Nominal input level at Antenna	dBW
2	System noise temperature (referred to LNA)	K
3	G/T	dB/K
4	Receiver bandpass characteristic: - Narrow band mode (relative to 406.025) - Wide band mode (relative to 406.050)	kHz	± 6.0 (-1 dB) ± 10.0 (- 3 dB ) ± 20.0 (-20 dB ) ± 30 (-1 dB ) ±40 (-3 dB ) ± 50 (-20 dB)
5	Dynamic range	dB	≤ 15
6	Group delay (over 4 kHz)	µs	≤ 13
7	Image rejection	dB	60
8	AGC time constant	ms	≤ 40 x10^-9
9	Frequency stability	dB	±1 x10^-9

Table 6: Electro-L S&R transmitter parameters
No	Parameter	Unit	Value
1	Center frequency	MHz	1544.5
2	Output power of transmitter	dBW	6.0
3	Repeater EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power)	dBW	18
4	Phase jitter (in 50 Hz bandwidth)	degree	≤ 10 rms
5	Modulation type		Linear phase
6	Transmitter nominal modulation index	radian	1.0 (peak)
7	Modulation index limit	radian	2.0
8	Frequency stability		± 2.5 x 10^-6
9	Amplitude ripple (over any 24 hour)	dB	± 1

S&R antennas:

• The S&R receive antenna is right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) with an on-axis gain of 15 dB including line loss. The receive antenna has a maximum axial ratio of 3 dB

• The S&R transmit antenna is also RHCP with an on-axis gain 14 dB including line loss. The transmit antenna has a maximum axial ratio of 3 dB.

The GEOSAR repeater receives 406 MHz beacon signals within the field of view of the 406 MHz receive antenna beam. The beacon signals are processed by the repeater and transmitted on the downlink signal for reception by a GEOLUT (Geostationary Local User Terminal).

Figure 12: Functional diagram of the GEOS&AR payload (image credit: COSPAS-S&RSAT)

References

1) A. B. Uspensky, "Summary of Future Plans for the Russian Weather Satellite Program," ITSC-14 (International TOVS Study Conference), Beijing, May 25-31, 2005, http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/itwg/itsc/itsc14/presentations/session9/9_4_uspensky.pdf

2) V. V. Asmus, V. N. Dyaduchenko, O. E. Milekhin, A. B. Uspensky, "Remote Sensing Products and Applications: Roshydromet Program," Proceedings of the 2005 EUMETSAT Meteorological Satellite Conference," Dubrovnik, Croatia, Sept. 19-23, 2005, pp. 16-24, URL: http://www.eumetsat.int/groups/cps/documents/document/pdf_conf_p46_s1_03_asmus_v.pdf

3) http://bprc.osu.edu/rsl/GIIPSY/documents/Pres%20Ark%20Eng%20Vers%204.ppt

4) http://bprc.osu.edu/rsl/GIIPSY/documents/FKP_engl.ppt

5) "WMO Space Program SP-7; The Space-based Global Observing System in 2010 (GOS-2010)" WMO/TD No 1513, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20160119123422/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/sat/documents/SAT-PUB_SP-7-TD-1513-Space-based-GOS-2010.pdf

6) "Russia Launches Meteorological Satellite," Space Daily, Jan. 21, 2011, URL: http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Russia_Launches_Meteorological_Satellite_999.html

7) Stephen Clark, "Zenit rocket climbs to orbit with weather satellite," Spaceflight Now, January 20, 2011, URL: http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1101/20zenit/

8) Anatoly Zak, URL: http://www.russianspaceweb.com/elektro.html

9) The Russian ELEKTRO-L Satellite Brings to the Attention of the U.S. Planetary Society," NTs OMZ, August 15, 2013, URL: http://eng.ntsomz.ru/news/news_center/center_news_2013_08_14_about_electro

10) Iurii S. Chetyrin, "Roshydromet space-based observation system: current status and development perspectives," Sixth Asia/Oceania Meteorological Satellite Users' Conference, November 9 - 13, 2015, Tokyo/Japan, URL: http://www.data.jma.go.jp/mscweb/en/aomsuc6_data/oral/s01-08.pdf

11) "Report on the status of the current and future Russian satellite system," CGMS-43 ROSH/ROSCWP-01, 14 April 2015, URL: http://www.eumetsat.int/website/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased
&Rendition=Web&dDocName=CWPT_1422

12) "About the functionality of the satellite Electro-L No1," Roscosmos, Nov. 14, 2014, URL: http://underexposure/20317/

13) http://eng.ntsomz.ru/

14) "Weather Satellites," URL: http://homepage.ntlworld.com/phqfh1/status.htm

15) Sept. 23, 2013, URL: https://vk.com/electrol

16) Nancy Atkinson, "Electro-L's Fully Lit View of Planet Earth at the Autumnal Equinox," Universe Today, Sept. 24, 2013, URL: http://www.universetoday.com/104998/electro-ls-fully-lit-view-of-planet-earth-at-the-autmnal-equinox/

17) Vitaliy Egorov, "Beautiful science by Electro-L," August 8, 2013, URL: http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2013/20130723-beautiful-science-by-elektro-l.html

18) "Weather Satellites," URL: http://homepage.ntlworld.com/phqfh1/status.htm

19) Jason Major, "From Russia With Love: A Singularly Stunning Image of Earth," Universe Today, May 12, 2012, URL: http://www.universetoday.com/95108/from-russia-with-love-a-singularly-stunning-image-of-earth/

20) Information provided by Yura Gektin (PI of the MSU-GS instrument of Electro-L), Moscow.

21) "Electro-L is Fully Operational - Roscosmos," Roscosmos, Jan. 22, 2011, URL: http://www.federalspace.ru/main.php?id=2&nid=11223

22) Yu. Gektin, A. V. Dunaev,M. V. Novikov,M. B. Smelianski,N. P. Akimov, "The multispectral scanner for a geostationary hydro-meteorologic complex «ELEKTRO-L»," Proceedings of the 31st International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment (ISRSE) at NIERSC (Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing Center), Saint Petersburg, Russia, June 20-24, 2005

23) V. V. Asmus, V. N. Dyaduchenko, O. E. Milekhin, A. B. Uspensky, "Remote Sensing Products and Applications: Roshydromet Program," EUMETSAT Meteorological Satellite Conference, Dubrovnik, Croatia, Sept. 19-23, 2005, URL: http://www.eumetsat.int/groups/cps/documents/document/pdf_conf_p46_s1_03_asmus_v.pdf

24) Information provided by Viktor M. Feigin of NTsOMZ (Research Center for Operational Earth Monitoring), Moscow, and translated by Boris Zhukov of IKI, Moscow

25) "Description of the 406 MHz Payloads used in the COSPAS-SARSAT GEOSAR System," C/S T.011, Issue 1, Rev. 6, Oct. 2010 , URL: http://www.cospas-sarsat.org/images/stories/SystemDocs/Current/t11oct28.10_completedoc.pdf

The information compiled and edited in this article was provided by Herbert J. Kramer from his documentation of: "Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors" (Springer Verlag) as well as many other sources after the publication of the 4th edition in 2002. - Comments and corrections to this article are always welcome for further updates (eoportal@symbios.space).

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