Jilin / Gaofen Constellation

Jilin Constellation

Spacecraft     Results    Launches     Mission Status     References

Jilin-1 GXA (Guangxe-A — Optical-A) is a Chinese commercial remote sensing satellite mission, also referred to as JL-1, designed and owned by the Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd (CGSTL) of Bejing. The development of the JL-1 constellitation began in 2015, and the first 4 satellites were launched on 7 October 2015. In 2021, there are 30 satellites in the constellation and the constellation will be expanded to 138 satellites to offer high resolution imagery and a high revisit commercial service. ¹⁾

While the new generation of a VHR (very high resolution) microsatellite constellation is being developed by CGSTL (Chang Guang Satellite Technology Ltd.) of China, the data products are being commercialized by the HEAD Aerospace Group, a privately-owned space company with its headquarter in Beijing. Founded in 2007, HEAD has an extended presence globally including subsidiaries in Hong Kong, France, and the Netherlands.

On 15 September 2020, China successfully launched nine Jilin-1 GF-03 satellites on a Long March 11 vehicle from the China Sea, which will further increase the Earth Observation satellite portfolio commercialized by HEAD Aerospace. Jilin-1 GF-03 is part of the Jilin-1 constellation operated and developed by Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co., who is the strategic partner of HEAD Aerospace. ²⁾

The successful launch of the nine satellites of Jilin-1-GF-03 is part of the constellation of 54 sub-meter satellites enabling imaging anywhere on Earth every 10 minutes with observations from 10 to 16 hours. By the end of 2021, the Jilin-1 constellation expects to be composed of 60 satellites in orbit. By the end of 2025, the full constellation of 138 satellites will be in orbit, resulting in round-the-clock, all-weather, full-spectrum data acquisition, capable of providing geospatial information products and services of the highest temporal and spatial resolution globally.

The first small satellite <50 kg named JL1-GF03A satellite, was built and launched in 2019 to verify the design and performance of higher resolution imagery with a smaller satellite. Based on the good in-orbit performance, JL1-GF03B\C came to being, including 3 JL1-GF03C satellites using a frame sensor to output the video and night vision images and 6 JL1-GF03B satellites, using the linear pushbroom sensor technology, offering wide-swath imagery at 17 km instead of market standard at 5 to 6 km. The 9 satellites are so light to be launched with a single launch CZ-11 in 2020 from an offshore launch platform.

On July 3 2011, 3 JL1-GF03D satellites were improved to 0.75 m resolution imagery and launched with JL1-KF01B which are all under in-orbit test and will start service soon. The imagery of the JL1-GF03B spacecraft have been used by different customers and researchers.

Spacecraft

JL1-GF03 series microsatellites are designed based on the rules: higher resolution, lighter, lower cost. This makes a large scale constellation come true, because the higher resolution can meet the need of a global customer base, lighter makes 9 satellites can be launched by one rocket and reduces the cost of buying more rockets, lower cost allows the company to afford the cost of a larger satellite constellation. The main parameters of the satellites [4,5] are listed in table 1 and the satellite design rendering is shown in Figure 1.

The JL-1 constellation was designed to 535 km altitude, and 138 satellites were planned to be launched to achieve about 10 minutes global revisit. As the need of daily visit become stronger and the success of the JL1-GF03 satellites, the DailyVision orbit was brought out. There are 3 satellites in one plane @535 km is enough to visit the target at the equatorial with 45° off-pointing. The orbit parameters are listed in Table 2 and shown in Figure 2.

Due to the orbit parameters, every 3 satellites will revisit the target at different latitude at least once per day, for latitude 60° the revisit number will be up to twice. The revisit times are listed in Table 3. Due to the table daily revisit can be achieved to offer DailyVision service. And after in-orbit test, JL1-GF03D satellites will be added in the service group to reach at least 3 times revisit for DailyVision.

Another important parameter of the orbit is LTDN (Local Time of Descending Node), shown in Table 1, the earliest LTDN is 9:20 a.m. which is earlier than most of the commercial satellites. It makes the satellite can get earlier images and support earlier information for emergency response. Besides the JL1-GF03 series satellites will be launched to the different orbit planes of which LTDN: 10:00 hours~14:00 hours separated every 40 minutes to reach the important images acquisition window to shorten the task time limit which means to support higher time validity service.

Results

During in-orbit test the 9 satellites including 6 JL-1-GF03Bs and 3 JL-1-GF03Cs were scheduled to revisit one target to verify the imaging effect of different satellites. Before orbit control to reach average phase angle, the 9 satellites were scheduled to visit Abu Dhabi International Airport, UAE, within 10 minutes on 29 September 2020 (Beijing time), the 9 images (partial) are shown in Figure 3.

And after orbit transfer of the 9 satellites to be separated to 60° phase angle for JL1-GF03Bs and 120° phase angle for JL1-GF03Cs the satellites were scheduled to support service and to accumulated images for agricultural applications and so on. Many tests have been planned and executed until now. More than 100 imaging tasks have been scheduled for JL-1-GF03Bs to revisit the farmland in China and United States based on cloud prediction. Two multi-temporal visit examples are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5.

From the figures at different times, the difference of the farmland and forest can be displayed clearly. It can be used to monitor the growing status especially for large farmlands Which are hard to monitor by farmers.

A more important accumulation work has been going on, more than 90 images have been got for only one target from March 2021 to September, and images from 8 consecutive days of the 90 are shown in Figure 6.

It can be seen from the above test, JL-1-GF03 series can be used to get daily images to support DailyVision service for change monitoring that must be useful to agriculture growth monitoring, economy prediction, city planning and so on.

Launches

Mission Status

• November 11, 2024: Jilin-1 Gaofen-05B-01 and Jilin-1 Pingtai-02A-03 lifted off on a Kinetica-1 orbital vehicle from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre, at 04:03 UTC. 7)

• September 24, 2024: CAS Space’s Kinetica-1 orbital vehicle lifted off at 23:35 UTC from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in China, carrying the Jilin-1 SAR-01A satellite.

• September 21, 2024: Jilin-1 Kuanfu-02B-01 to 06 where successfully launched from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center in north China's Shanxi Province, aboard Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST) Long March-2D (CZ-2D/LM-2d) carrier rocket, at 04:11 UTC. 6)

• September 21, 2023: Jilin-1 Gaofen-04B was launched at 04:59 UTC from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in China, on a Ceres-1 rocket. The launch failed shortly after launch due to abnormal ablation of the rocket’s first stage nozzle in its diverging section. Defects in the carbon cloth layer were caused by screw hole manufacturing errors, which cost the company 7.5 million USD in insurance fees. 9)

• August 25, 2023: Jilin-1 Kuanfu-02A, the first next-generation satellite developed by Chang-guang, was launched on a Ceres-1 (Gushenxing-1) rocket, which lifted off at 23:45 UTC from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre, in China. 4)

• June 15, 2023: Today at 5:30 UTC, the Jilin-1 GF03D series satellites Gaofen-03D-35 to 43, the first 30 satellites in the Jilin-1 GF06A series and the first two satellites in the Jilin-1 Pingtai 02A series were launched. The experimental Huoerguosi-1 (or Khorgos-1) satellite was also aboard as the tech demo for the next generation of Jilin-1 satellites.January 15, 2023: Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D-34, as well as Jilin-1 Mofang-02A03, 04 and 07, and also Jilin-1 Hongwai-A07 and 08, were launched at 3:14 UTC, onboard Long March 2D mission from TSLC.
• December 9, 2022: Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D-44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 and 50 and also Jilin-1 Pingtai-01A01, were launched at 6:35 UTC, onboard the Jielong 3 mission (also known as Smart Dragon 3, SD-3) from Tai Rui.
• November 16, 2022: Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D-08 and also Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D-51, 52, 53 and 54, were launched at 6:20 UTC, onboard the Ceres-1 mission from JSLC.
• August 10, 2022: Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D-09, as well as Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D-35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 and 43, and also Jilin-1 Hongwai-A01, 02, 03, 04, 05 and 06, were launched onboard the Long March 6 mission from TSLC.
• May 13, 2022: Jilin-1 Mofang-01A was launched at 7:09 UTC, onboard the Hyperbola-1 mission from JSLC. The launch failed.
• May 5, 2022: Jilin-1 Kuanfu-01C and also Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D-27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 and 33, were launched at 2:38 UTC, onboard the Long March 2D mission from TSLC.
• April 30, 2022: Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D-04, 05, 06 and 07 and also Jilin-1 Gaofen-04A, were launched at 3:30 UTC, onboard the Long March 11 mission from Tai Rui.
• February 27, 2022: Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D-10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 and also Jilin-1 Mofang-02A-01, were launched at 3:06 UTC, onboard the Long March 8 mission from Wenchang Space Launch Site (WSLS).
• October 27, 2021: Jilin-1 Gaofen-02F was launched at 6:19 UTC, onboard the Kuaizhou 1A mission from JSLC.
• September 27, 2021: Jilin-1 Gaofen-02D was launched at 6:19 UTC, onboard the Kuaizhou 1A mission from JSLC.
• August 3, 2021: Jilin-1 Mofang-01A was launched at 5:02 UTC, onboard the Hyperbola-1 mission from JSLC. The launch failed.
• July 3, 2021: Jilin-1 Kuanfu-01B, and also Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D01, 02 and 03, were launched at 2:51 UTC, onboard the Long March 2D mission from TSLC.
• September 15, 2020: Jilin-1 Gaofen-03B-01, 02, 03, 04, 05 and 06 and also Jilin-1 Gaofen-03C-01, 02 and 03, were launched at 1:23 UTC, onboard the Long March 11 mission from De Bo-3.
• September 12, 2020: Jilin-1 Gaofen-02C was launched at 5:02 UTC, onboard the Kuaizhou 1A mission from JSLC. The launch failed.
• July 10, 2020: Jilin-1 Gaofen-02E was launched at 4:17 UTC, onboard the Kuaizhou 11 mission from JSLC. The launch failed.
• January 15, 2020: Jilin-1 Kuanfu-01 was launched at 2:53 UTC, onboard the Long March 2D mission from TSLC.
• December 7, 2019: Jilin-1 Gaofen-02B was launched at 2:55 UTC, onboard the Kuaizhou-1A mission from TSLC.
• November 13, 2019: Jilin-1 Gaofen-02A  was launched at 3:40 UTC, onboard the Kuaizhou-1A mission from JSLC.
• June 5, 2019: Jilin-1 Gaofen-03A was launched at 4:06 UTC, onboard the Long March 11 mission from JSLC.
• January 21, 2019: Jilin-1 Spectrum-01 and 02 were launched at 4:12 UTC, onboard the Long March 11 mission from JSLC.
• January 19, 2018: Jilin-1 Video-07 and 08 were launched at 4:12 UTC, onboard the Long March 11 mission from JSLC.
• November 21, 2017: Jilin-1 Video-04, 05 and 06 were launched at 4:50 UTC, onboard the Long March 6 mission from Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center (TSLC).
• January 9, 2017: Jilin-1 Video-03 was launched at 4:11 UTC, onboard the Feitian Emergency Satellite Launch System/Feitian-1/FT-1 (Kuaizhou-1A) mission, from JSLC.
• October 7, 2015: Jilin-1 LQSat, Jilin-1 Video-01 and 02 and Jilin-1 Optical-A were launched at 4:13 UTC, onboard the Long March 2D mission from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC).

References

1) Kammy Bruna, Xing Zhong, Feng Li, Chang, Wei Sun, Hubert de Beaufort, "Future EO System: The First VHR CCD Camera Constellation of 138 Microsatellite," Proceedings of the 72nd IAC (International Astronautical Congress), 25-29 October 2021, Dubai, UAE (United Arab Emirates), paper: IAC-21-B1.2.4, URL: https://iafastro.directory/iac/proceedings/IAC-21/IAC-21/B1/2/manuscripts/IAC-21,B1,2,4,x66640.pdf

2) "Nine JL-1-GF03 satellites launched, increasing commercial offering in satellite constellation plan," HEAD, 15 September 2020, URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20231003001820/https://www.head-aerospace.eu/post/nine-jl-1-gf03-satellites-launched-increasing-commercial-offering-in-satellite-constellation-plan

3) Wikipedia, “Jilin-1”, URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilin-1 

4) Gunter’s Space Page, “Jilin-1 Kuanfu-02 (Jilin-1 Wideband-02)”, URL: https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/jilin-1-kuanfu-02.htm 

5) Gunter’s Space Page, “Jilin-1 Pingtai-02A-01, 02 (Jilin-1 Platform-01A-01, 02)”, URL: https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/jilin-1-pingtai-02a.htm  

6) Huaxia, “China successfully launches 6 new satellites”, Xinhua, English News, September 20, 2024, URL: https://english.news.cn/20240920/539f29155dcf41cd971636ad57326b96/c.html 

7) Jones Andrew, “Chinese commercial Lijian-1 rocket launches 15 satellites”, SpaceNews, November 11, 2024, URL: https://spacenews.com/chinese-commercial-lijian-1-rocket-launches-15-satellites/ 

8) Jones Andrew, “China’s Galactic Energy suffers first launch failure”, SpaceNews, September 21, 2023, URL: https://spacenews.com/chinas-galactic-energy-suffers-first-launch-failure/  

9) Todd David, “Ceres-1 launch failure: abnormal ablation of nozzle was the cause”, November 14, 2023, Seradata, URL: https://www.seradata.com/ceres-1-launch-failure-abnormal-ablation-of-nozzle-was-the-cause/ 

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