WorldView-1
EO
Operational (nominal)
Maxar
WV60
Launched in September 2007, WorldView-1 (WV-1) is a commercial mission owned and operated by Maxar Technologies Inc., which formed following a merger of MDA (MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates) Holdings Company, and DigitalGlobe Inc., the original developers of the WorldView series. WV-1 is the successor to QuickBird-2 and aims to provide high spatial resolution imagery of the Earth’s surface to defence, intelligence and commercial industries.
Quick facts
Overview
Mission type | EO |
Agency | Maxar |
Mission status | Operational (nominal) |
Launch date | 18 Sep 2007 |
Instruments | WV60 |
CEOS EO Handbook | See WorldView-1 summary |
Related Resources
Summary
Mission Capabilities
WV-1 carries a single sensor, the WorldView 60 camera (WV60), which is a high resolution optical imager. WV60 aims to provide very high resolution land imagery, which is used for precise map creation, in-depth image analysis and change detection. Imagery collected by WV-1 is also used for mapping and planning in commercial, intelligence and defence sectors internationally.
Performance Specifications
The WV60 imager has a single panchromatic channel, with a spectral range of 0.45 µm- 0.90 µm. Using a pushbroom scanning technique, WV60 images a swath of 17.9 km, with a Field of Regard of 900 km. The imager has a spatial resolution of 0.50 m at nadir, and 0.55 m out to 20° off-nadir, as well as a Field of View of 2.12°. WV60 has a revisit time of 1.7 days at 1 m - 0.5 m Ground Sampling Distance (GSD), and 5.9 days at 20° off nadir or less (0.51 m GSD). The imager uses 11-bit data quantization, and has imagery geolocation accuracy after processing of 5.8 m-7.6 m without Ground Control Points (GPCs) or 2 m with GPCs.
The WV-1 satellite operates in a sun-synchronous circular orbit, with an altitude of 496 km, an inclination of 97.2° and a period of 94.6 minutes. The satellite initially had an ECT (Equatorial Crossing Time) of 1030 hours on a descending node, but completed an 18-month transition to an afternoon orbit in June 2016 and now has an ECT of 1330 hours.
Space and Hardware Components
WV-1 utilises the BCP-5000 (Ball Commercial Platform 5000) bus, developed by Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corporation (BATC), who also supplied the WV60 imager. The satellite bus has dimensions 3.6 m (height) x 2.5 m (diameter) and a launch mass of 2500 kg. The ADCS (Attitude Determination and Control Subsystem) consists of star trackers, IRU (Inertial Reference Unit) and GPS for attitude sensing and CMGs (Control Moment Gyroscopes) for actuators. This allows a body pointing range of ±40° about nadir with instantaneous pointing accuracy of ≤500 m, and provides a retargeting rate of 4.5°/s, with acceleration 2.5°/s2. Image and ancillary data is transmitted at 800 Mbit/s in X-band, while command data is transmitted at 64 kbit/s in S-band. The spacecraft has onboard storage capacity of 2.199 Tbit in solid state with EDAC (Error Detection and Correction)
The mission originally had a design life of 7.25 years, but remains operational as of July 2022.
WorldView-1
Spacecraft Launch Mission Status Sensor Complement References
The next-generation commercial imaging satellite of DigitalGlobe Inc. (Longmont, CO, USA) is called WorldView-1, a successor of QuickBird-2 (launch Oct. 18, 2001 - and fully operational as of 2008). In Oct. 2003, DigitalGlobe was awarded a sizeable contract by NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency) of Washington DC, formerly NIMA (National Imaging and Mapping Agency), to provide high-resolution imagery from the next-generation commercial imaging satellites.
The NGA requirements call for imagery with a spatial resolution of 0.5 m panchromatic and 2 m MS (Multispectral) data. The contract award was made within NGA's NextView program, designed to give the US commercial imaging satellite operators the financing to build their satellites for high-resolution imaging. The WorldView mission is intended to provide imaging services to NGA as well as to the commercial customer base of DigitalGlobe.
Spacecraft
BATC (Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corporation) of Boulder, CO, is the prime contractor and integrator of the spacecraft, providing the S/C bus (Ball Commercial Platform BCP-5000) and a WorldView-60 camera. A new feature of the WorldView spacecraft are CMG (Control Moment Gyroscopes) actuators for precise and highly responsive pointing control. The BCP-5000 bus provides increased power, stability, agility, data storage and transmission (over the BCP-2000 bus) as the demand for Earth remote-sensing information becomes more comprehensive. 1) 2) 3)
The S/C is 3-axis stabilized. The ADCS (Attitude Determination and Control Subsystem) employs star trackers, IRU (Inertial Reference Unit) and GPS for attitude sensing, and CMGs as actuators. A S/C body-pointing range of ±40º about nadir is provided corresponding to a FOR (Field of Regard) of 775 km in cross-track. An instantaneous pointing accuracy of ≤ 500 m is provided at any start and stop of an imaging sequence. On the ground, the geolocation accuracy of the imagery is 5.8 to 7.6 m without GPCs (Ground Control Points) and 2 m with GPCs (3σ). The agile S/C provides retargeting at a rate of 4.5º/s with an acceleration of 2.5º/s2; it takes 9 s to slew the S/C over a ground distance of 300 km. 4) 5) 6)
S/C power of 3.2 kW (EOL) is provided by the triple-junction solar panels; the battery capacity is 100 Ah. The solar arrays are being articulated into the sun (normal pointing into the sun). The rotational drive assemblies and drive control electronics, referred to as QuAD (Quiet Array Drive), are being provided by Starsys, a subsidiary of SpaceDev, Poway, CA. Unlike traditional stepper motor solar array drives, the QuAD technology provides low disturbance actuation, allowing spacecraft images to be captured at the same time that the solar arrays are being pointed. Two BAE Systems RAD750 radiation-hardened single-board computers are managing the command and control functions onboard the WorldView-1 satellite ( the RAD750 is a licensed radiation-hardened version of the IBM PowerPC 750).
The S/C bus has dimensions of 3.6 m (high) and 2.5 m in diameter, the span of the deployed panels measures 7.1 m. WorldView-1 has a launch mass of 2500 kg. The mission design life is 7.25 years.
S/C bus type | BCP-5000 |
S/C stabilization | 3-axis stabilized using star trackers and IRU for sensing and a CMG (Control Moment Gyro) for actuation |
Pointing accuracy | - Accuracy: <500 m at image start and stop |
FOR (Field of Regard) | 775 km in cross-track |
S/C bus size | 3.6 m (height) x 2.5 m (diameter) |
S/C launch mass, power | 2500 kg, 3.2 kW (EOL, 100 Ah NiH2 battery) |
Mission design life | 7.25 years |
Payload instrument mass | 380 kg |
Onboard storage capacity | 2.199 Tbit solid state with EDAC (Error Detection and Correction) |
RF communications | Image and ancillary aata: 800 Mbit/s X-band |
Launch: A launch of the WorldView-1 spacecraft took place on Sept. 18, 2007 on a Delta-2920 vehicle from VAFB, CA. 7) 8)
Orbit: Sun-synchronous circular orbit, altitude = 496 km (nominal), inclination = 97.2º. The equator crossing time is at 10:30 hours on a descending node. The period is 94.6 minutes. Note: While the low-altitude orbit selection offers better spatial resolutions than a higher one, it requires also more frequent reboosts to maintain the low orbit due to atmospheric drag influences.
RF communications: The command data are in S-band at 2 or 64 kbit/s. The housekeeping telemetry and tracking is in X-band at 4, 16, or 32 kbit/s of real-time data, or 524 kbit/s of stored data.
The imagery is downlinked in X-band at 800 Mbit/s (dual polarization). The S/C provides a data storage capacity of 2.2 Tbit in solid state memory with EDAC (Error Detection and Correction). A total of 331 Gbit of imagery per orbit may be collected.
In addition, direct (real-time) downlinks to customer sites are available using the same high-speed 800 Mbit/s X-band link.
Mission Status
• August 19, 2021: Large crowds of people and cars can be seen gathered at multiple entrances and approaches to the Hamid Karzai International Airport, Afghanistan (Figures 4 and 5). 9)
• August 16, 2021: The Taliban took over the country in Afghanistan in August 2021. Kabul falls to the Taliban as the Afghan government collapses and the president flees. 10)
- After nearly two decades of war, more than 6,000 American lives lost, over 100,000 Afghans killed and more than $2 trillion spent by the U.S., the speed of the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan has shocked the world.
- U.S. defense officials reportedly expected Afghanistan’s capital, Kabul, to fall in 90 days. It took less than 10 days.
- Among the key causes, analysts say, are intelligence failures, a more powerful Taliban, corruption, money, cultural differences and willpower.
- The world was shocked this week by horrifying scenes of desperate Afghans swarming the tarmac at Kabul's international airport, grasping at their last chance to escape the country now completely overrun by the Taliban.
• June 22, 2016: DigitalGlobe announced that its WorldView-1 satellite had completed a planned 18-month-long transition from a morning orbit to an afternoon orbit, improving customers’ ability to detect, see, and understand change that occurs on our planet within a single day. 11)
- WorldView-1 now passes directly overhead Earth locations at approximately 13:30 hours local time. With its large telescope and sophisticated pointing technology, the satellite swings hundreds of miles to the east or west of its position, capturing locations in multiple time zones. With three other high-accuracy, high-resolution satellites in morning orbits, the DigitalGlobe constellation now gives customers the ability to see the Earth anytime between 9:00 hours and 15:00 hours local time, double the previous daily access window when imaging can take place. DigitalGlobe will further enhance its intra-day collection capabilities with the planned mid-September launch of the WorldView-4 satellite into a morning orbit.
“DigitalGlobe’s expanding constellation is uniquely flexible and capable to meet customers’ traditional global mapping requirements, as well as emerging requirements for high-revisit monitoring applications,” said Tim Hascall, DigitalGlobe EVP and Chief Operations Officer. “With an expanded amount of time in which to image the earth each day, our customers now have an even greater ability to make decisions with confidence.”
• The WorldView-1 spacecraft and its payload are operational in 2016.
• Dec. 18, 2014: DigitalGlobe has reported that, as a result of its annual satellite life review, the company will extend the useful lives of two of its satellites: WorldView-1 and WorldView-2. WorldView-1 will be extended by 2.5 years to 13 years, a 24% lifespan improvement, and WorldView-2 will be extended two years to 13 years, an 18% lifespan improvement. 12) 13)
- WorldView-1, which was originally expected to reach its end of life in the second quarter of 2018, is now expected to reach end of life in the fourth quarter of 2020.
- WorldView-2, which was originally expected to reach its end of life in the fourth quarter of 2020, is now expected to reach end of life in the fourth quarter of 2022.
• In June 2014, DigitalGlobe announced that it received notice from the U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) on its application to allow the company to sell its highest-quality and industry-leading commercial satellite imagery. Effective immediately, DigitalGlobe will be permitted to offer customers the highest resolution imagery available from their current constellation. Additionally, the updated approvals will permit DigitalGlobe to sell imagery to all of its customers at up to 0.25 m panchromatic and 1.0 m multispectral ground sample distance (GSD) beginning six months after its next satellite WorldView-3 is operational. WorldView-3 is scheduled to launch, August 13 , 2014 from VAFB (Vandenberg Air Force Base), CA. 14)
- Additionally, DigitalGlobe announced that it plans to shift the WorldView-1 satellite into a different orbit, in which it will image the earth in the afternoon local time each day. This shift will optimize the DigitalGlobe constellation to monitor changes on the earth at various times during the day. Customers will be able to image a particular area with multiple satellites in the morning and again with WorldView-1 in the afternoon thus providing consistent views of Earth over much of the day.
• The WorldView-1 spacecraft and its payload are operating nominally in 2012.
Legend to Figure 6: Snapshot of the shipwreck from space. The luxury liner is visible through a scattered cloud layer, as it lies half-submerged off the coast of Giglio, Italy (located off the cost of Tuscany). The ocean liner hit a reef on January 13 and tipped over. The Costa Concordia was carrying about 3,200 passengers and a crew of 1,000 when it ran aground, according to news reports. The accident killed 11 people, with more than two dozen others still missing (as of January 18, 2012).
• The spacecraft and its payload are operating nominally in 2010. EOL (End of Life) is expected in 2018. 16)
• On January 12, 2010, an earthquake of magnitude 7.0 struck Haiti, in particular the capital city Port-au-Prince. On January 13, 2010, WorldView-1 collected a high off-nadir image of Port-au-Prince and the surrounding area. DigitalGlobe provided this information to the relief organizations.
• In early January 2008, DigitalGlobe announced the general availability of WorldView-1 imagery to its customers after all check-out aspects of the spacecraft and its payload had been completed. WorldView-1 had reached FOC (Full Operational Capability). 18)
• NGA has acquired approximately 60% of the global capacity on WorldView-1, with requirements spread worldwide. Most data collected for NGA will be available for purchase out of the archive.
• DigitalGlobe delivered its first sample set of high-resolution images on Oct. 15, 2007 and began supplying imagery to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) on Nov. 26, 2007 (the S/C reached already full operating capacity on Nov. 17. 2007).
Sensor Complement
WV60 (WorldView-60 camera)
WV60 was designed and developed by BATC. The objective is to provide highly detailed imagery for a wide spectrum of applications such as precise map creation, change detection and in-depth image analysis (note that imagery must be re-sampled to 50 cm for non-US Government customers).
Instrument optics | - Use of QuickBird optical bench design |
Spectral range (panchromatic imagery only) | 0.45 - 0.90 µm |
Spatial resolution (GSD) | - 50 cm panchromatic at nadir |
Swath width | 17.6 km at nadir |
Revisit frequency | - 1.7 days at 1 m GSD or less |
Detectors | - Silicon CCD array (8 µm pixel size) with a row of > 35,000 detectors |
TDI (Time Delay Integration) | 6 selectable levels from 8 to 64 |
Data quantization | 11 bit |
Geolocation accuracy of imagery after processing | - 5.8 to 7.6 m without GPCs |
Instrument mass, power | 380 kg, 250 W |
WV60 consists of the following elements: Optical subsystem, FPU (Focal Plane Unit) and the DPU (Digital Processing Unit), with FPU and DPU designed and custom-built by ITT Space Systems Division, formerly Kodak Remote Sensing Systems of Rochester, New York.
The optical subsystem, mounted on an optical bench (with sunshield and internal baffling to suppress stray light), is of Ball design (telescope aperture of 60 cm diameter, lightweight structure, focal length of 8.8 m, f/14.7, the telescope mass is 138 kg, telescope size: 115 cm x 141 cm x 195 cm), providing a FOV (Field of View) of 2.12º, obtained with an unobscured off-axis three-mirror-anastigmatic (TMA) optical form. A fourth mirror is used to fold the light bundle for compact telescope packaging.
The pushbroom imager is rigidly aligned with the S/C axis, providing a nominal body-pointing capability of ±40º into the along-track and cross-track directions (45º max). WV60 may also be used for stereo imaging by slewing the S/C fore and aft. The TDI feature provides a capability for low-light observations of imagery. The on-board processor provides real-time radiometric/geometric calibration and image compression for all imaging data. The focal plane array and the compression technique ADPCM (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation) employed are provided by Kodak. Instrument mass = 380 kg, instrument power = 250 W.
DigitalGlobe's imagery may be used for a number of mapping and planning activities within the defense, intelligence, and commercial markets around the world.
Spectral band | Center wavelength (nm) | Minimum lower band edge (nm) | Maximum upper band edge (nm) |
Pan (WorldView-1) imager | 650 | 400 | 900 |
Pan (WorldView-2) imager | 625 | 450 | 800 |
MS1 (NIR1) | 835 | 770 | 895 |
MS2 (red) | 660 | 630 | 690 |
MS3 (green) | 545 | 510 | 580 |
MS4 (blue) | 480 | 450 | 510 |
MS5 (red edge) | 725 | 705 | 745 |
MS6 (yellow) | 605 | 585 | 625 |
MS7 (coastal) | 425 | 400 | 450 |
MS8 (NIR2) | 950 | 860 | 1040 |
Background on the selection of the two cameras for the new spacecraft series: DigitalGlobe placed 2 separate instruments under contract with its vendors.
• To satisfy the NextView requirements with the shortest schedule and lowest risk possible, the baseline design is the WV60 telescope configuration of QuickBird heritage; however, with next-generation focal plane and electronics. The WorldView-1 instrument, WV60, provides 0.5 m panchromatic only data. The instrument name results from the telescope aperture size of 60 cm diameter, hence WV60.
• The WorldView-2 instrument, WV110 (WorldView-110 camera) with a telescope aperture of 110 cm, will provide 0.5m panchromatic and 2 m MS imagery in 8 bands (from a higher orbit). WV110 is a new instrument design. The WorldView-2 launch is planned for late 2008.
The reason is that the WorldView-1 instrument was available far sooner than the WV110 camera of the WorldView-2 spacecraft. NGA agreed to this arrangement and opted for an earlier possible launch of WorldView-1.
References
1) Ball Aerospace Wins WorldView 2 Contract,” Jan. 2, 2007, URL: http://www.ballaerospace.com
/page.jsp?page=30&id=55
2) http://www.ballaerospace.com/page.jsp?page=81
3) “Introducing WorldView: DigitalGlobe’s Next Generation System,” April 11, 2007, URL: http://www.auricht.com/Coasts/documents/
DigitalGlobe_Satellite_Constellation_Presentation/WorldView%20Satellites.pdf
4) Information provided by Charles P. Herring of DigitalGlobe Inc., Longmont, CO, USA
5) A. Celentano, “WorldView-1 & -2 Latest status,” BARSC (British Association of Remote Sensing Companies) Workshop, June 12, 2008, London, UK
6) Bruno Biagini, “WorldView-1,” MARS PAC Annual Conference, Madrid, Spain, Nov. 11-14, 2007, URL: http://mars.jrc.ec.europa.eu/mars/content/download/
890/5663/file/1_T5a_Biagini_WorldViev1_Eurimage.pdf
7) http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/worldview-1.html
8) https://www.spaceimagingme.com/downloads/sensors/datasheets/WorldView1-DS-WV1-Web.pdf
9) ”Maxar’s WorldView-1 Captures General, Overhead Views Of Evacuation Chaos At Hamid Karzai Int’l Airport In Afghanistan,” Satnews, 19 August 2021, URL: https://news.satnews.com/2021/08/19/
maxars-worldview-1-captures-general-overhead-views-of-evacuation-chaos-at-hamid-karzai-intl-airport-in-afghanistan/
10) ”‘Intelligence failure of the highest order’ — How Afghanistan fell to the Taliban so quickly,” CNBC, 16 August 2021, URL: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/16/how-afghanistan-fell-to-the-taliban-so-quickly.html
11) ”DigitalGlobe Enhances Its Monitoring and Revisit Capabilities as WorldView-1 Completes Shift to Afternoon Orbit,” DigitalGlobe Press Release, June 22, 2016, URL: [web source no longer available]
12) “ DigitalGlobe Extends Useful Lives of Two Satellites and Assigns Initial Life to WorldView-3,” Digital Globe Press Release, Dec. 18, 2014, URL: [web source no longer available]
13) “The Lives Of Two Satellites Have Been Extended By DigitalGlobe,” SatNews Daily, Dec. 22, 2014, URL: http://www.satnews.com/story.php?number=1994242207
14) “U.S. Department of Commerce Relaxes Resolution Restrictions DigitalGlobe Extends Lead in Image Quality,” DigitalGlobe Press Releases, June 11, 2014, URL: [web source no longer available]
15) “Satellite Spots Costa Concordia Shipwreck From Space,” January 18, 2012, URL: http://www.space.com/14273-satellite-photo-costa-concordia-cruise-shipwreck.html
16) Information provided by Charles P. Herring of DitigalGlobe Inc., Longmont, CO
17) http://www.satimagingcorp.com/gallery/worldview-1/worldview-1-iran-tehran-azadi-tower/
18) “DigitalGlobe's WorldView-1 Reaches Full Operational Capability With the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency,” Jan. 3, 2008, URL: http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/
digitalglobes-worldview-1-reaches-full-operational-capability-
with-the-national-geospatial-intelligence-agency-59881872.html
The information compiled and edited in this article was provided by Herbert J. Kramer from his documentation of: ”Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors” (Springer Verlag) as well as many other sources after the publication of the 4th edition in 2002. - Comments and corrections to this article are always welcome for further updates (eoportal@symbios.space).
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